HIGHLIGHTS• A comprehensive and flexible urban emission inventory was developed for Madrid.• Options for multi-scale consistency are discussed (from European to street level).• Urban background N0 2 concentration levels well described by CMAQ (MB -2.2 ug/m 3 ).• N0 2 concentration levels in Madrid are dominated by local traffic (up to 90%).• A 31% reduction of NO x emissions may allow Madrid meeting the N0 2 European standards. ABSTRACTModeling is an essential tool for the development of atmospheric emission abatement measures and air quality plans. Most often these plans are related to urban environments with high emission density and population exposure. However, air quality modeling in urban areas is a rather challenging task. As environmental standards become more stringent (e.g. European Directive 2008/50/EC), more reliable and sophisticated modeling tools are needed to simulate measures and plans that may effectively tackle air quality exceedances, common in large urban areas across Europe, particularly for N0 2 . This also implies that emission inventories must satisfy a number of conditions such as consistency across the spatial scales involved in the analysis, consistency with the emission inventories used for regulatory purposes and versatility to match the requirements of different air quality and emission projection models. This study reports the modeling activities carried out in Madrid (Spain) highlighting the atmospheric emission inventory development and preparation as an illustrative example of the combination of models and data needed to develop a consistent air quality plan at urban level. These included a series of source apportionment studies to define contributions from the international, national, regional and local sources in order to understand to what extent local authorities can enforce meaningful abatement measures. Moreover, source apportionment studies were conducted in order to define contributions from different sectors and to understand the maximum feasible air quality improvement that can be achieved by reducing emissions from those sectors, thus targeting emission reduction policies to the most relevant activities. Finally, an emission scenario reflecting the effect of such policies was developed and the associated air quality was modeled.

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HIGHLIGHTS• índigo wastewaters are successfully treated with a solar assisted oxidation reaction.• Using ferrous oxalate complexes, the efficiency of the treatment increases.• Increasing peroxide concentrations did not improve the treatment substantially.• The best remováis of TOC and COD were reached with the smallest peroxide dose.• A final complete biodegradability was obtained for these wastewaters. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords:Advanced oxidation process Ferrous oxalate complex índigo dye Photo-Fenton BiodegradabilityThis study assessed the applicability of a ferrous oxalate mediated photo-Fenton pretreatment for indigodyed wastewaters as to produce a biodegradable enough effluent, likely of being derived to conventional biological processes. The photochemical treatment was performed with ferrous oxalate and hydrogen peroxide in a Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) under batch operation conditions. The reaction was studied at natural pH conditions (5-6) with Índigo concentrations in the range of 6.67-33.33 mgL _1 , using a fixed oxalate-to-iron mass ratio (C204 2~/ Fe 2+ = 35) and assessing the system's biodegradability at low (257 mgL _1 ) and high (1280mgL _1 )FfcO2 concentrations. In order to seek the optimal conditions for the treatment of Índigo dyed wastewaters, an experimental design consisting in a statistical surface response approach was carried out. This analysis revealed that the best removal efficiencies for Total Organic Carbón (TOC) were obtained for low peroxide doses. In general it was observed that after 20 kj L _1 , almost every treated effluent increased its biodegradability from a BOD5/COD valué of 0.4. This increase in the biodegradability was confirmed by the presence of short chain carboxylic acids as intermedíate producís and by the mineralization of organic nitrogen into nitrate. Finally, an overall decrease in the LC50 for Artemia salina indicated a successful detoxification of the effluent.