Persistent organic pollutants reach polar regions by long-range atmospheric transport and biomagnify through the food web accumulating in higher trophic level predators. We analyzed Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) samples collected from 2004 to 2006 to evaluate current levels of ∑DDT (p,p′-DDT + p,p′-DDE) in these birds, which are confined to Antarctica. Ratios of p,p′-DDT to p,p′-DDE in Adélie penguins have declined significantly since 1964 indicating current exposure to old rather than new sources of ΣDDT. However, ∑DDT has not declined in Adélie penguins from the Western Antarctic Peninsula for more than 30 years and the presence of p,p′-DDT in these birds indicates that there is a current source of DDT to the Antarctic marine food web. DDT has been banned or severely restricted since peak use in the 1970s, implicating glacier meltwater as a likely source for DDT contamination in coastal Antarctic seas. Our estimates indicate that 1−4 kg·y−1 ΣDDT are currently being released into coastal waters along the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet due to glacier ablation.

Various organochlorine pesticides and brominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, -99, and -100) were measured in sea ice algae, water column plankton, and juvenile and adult krill collected in the Palmer Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) region west of the Antarctic Peninsula during late austral winter and midsummer, 2001-2002. BDEs were 100-1000 times higher in ice algae and 2-10 times higher in phytoplankton than the most abundant organochlorine pesticide, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), reflecting the current production and use of BDEs versus organochlorine pesticides. However, concentrations of HCB and BDEs were significantly lower in summer plankton than in ice algae indicating lower atmospheric inputs, removal from the water column, and/or biodilution of persistent organic pollutants at the base of the food web during summer. Concentrations of HCB (juvenile and adult krill) and BDEs (juvenile krill) were not significantly different from their primary food source (ice algae, phytoplankton), and BDEs were significantly lower in adult krill versus phytoplankton, indicating no biomagnification of HCB or BDEs during transfer from plankton to krill. The high concentrations of BDEs and HCB in ice algae and associated juvenile krill illustrate the importance of sea ice as a vector for entry of POPs into the Antarctic marine ecosystem.

Air, seawater, sea ice, and snow were collected during the austral winter (September-October 2001) and summer (January-February 2002) along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) > heptachlor > alpha- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and heptachlor epoxide, were the most frequently detected organochlorine pesticides in air. HCB and HCH levels declined over the past 20 years, with a half-life of 3 years for sigmaHCH in Antarctic air. However, heptachlor epoxide levels have not declined in Antarctic air over the past decade, possibly due to continued use of heptachlor in the southern hemisphere. Peak heptachlor concentrations in air were measured coincident with air masses moving into the region from lower latitudes. Levels of lindane were 1.2-200 times higher in annual sea ice and snow compared to alpha-HCH, likely due to greater atmospheric input of gamma-HCH. The ratio of alpha/gamma-HCH in Antarctic air, sea ice and snow was <1, illustrative of a predominance of influx of lindane versus technical HCH to the regional environment. However, alpha/gamma-HCH in seawater was >1, likely due to more rapid microbial degradation of gamma- versus alpha-HCH. Water/air fugacity ratios for HCHs demonstrate continued atmospheric influx of HCHs to coastal Antarctic seas, particularly during late summer.