No abstract

To explore whether at-admission hyperglycemia is associated with worse outcomes in patients hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Hospitalized COVID-19 patients (N 5 271) were subdivided based on at-admission glycemic status: 1) glucose levels <7.78 mmol/L (NG) (N 5 149 [55.0%]; median glucose 5.99 mmol/L [range 5.38-6.72]), 2) known diabetes mellitus (DM) (N 5 56 [20.7%]; 9.18 mmol/L [7.67-12.71]), and 3) no diabetes and glucose levels ‡7.78 mmol/L (HG) (N 5 66 [24.3%]; 8.57 mmol/L [8.18-10.47]). RESULTS Neutrophils were higher and lymphocytes and PaO 2 /FiO 2 lower in HG than in DM and NG patients. DM and HG patients had higher D-dimer and worse inflammatory profile. Mortality was greater in HG (39.4% vs. 16.8%; unadjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.20, 95% CI 1.27-3.81, P 5 0.005) than in NG (16.8%) and marginally so in DM (28.6%; 1.73, 0.92-3.25, P 5 0.086) patients. Upon multiple adjustments, only HG remained an independent predictor (HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.03-3.15, P 5 0.04). After stratification by quintile of glucose levels, mortality was higher in quintile 4 (Q4) (3.57, 1.46-8.76, P 5 0.005) and marginally in Q5 (29.6%) (2.32, 0.91-5.96, P 5 0.079) vs. Q1. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia is an independent factor associated with severe prognosis in people hospitalized for COVID-19. Diabetes is common among persons hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and it is associated with increased risk of mortality (1). Stress-induced hyperglycemia occurring at hospital admission for acute medical or surgical illness in individuals with no history of diabetes (2) is a worse predictor than diabetes for poor clinical outcomes and mortality (3). In subjects with severe acute respiratory syndrome, at-admission hyperglycemia was an independent predictor for mortality (4). Therefore, we have evaluated the impact of at-admission plasma glucose levels in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 271 adults with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection consecutively admitted to the University

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect the lockdown imposed during COVID-19 outbreak on the glycemic control of people with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) using Continuous (CGM) or Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM). Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed glucose reading obtained by FGM or CGM in T1D subjects. Sensor data from 2 weeks before the lockdown (Period 0, P 0), 2 weeks immediately after the lockdown (period 1, P 1), in mid-lockdown (Period 2, P 2) and immediately after end of lockdown (Period 3, P 3) were analyzed. Results: The study included 63 T1D patients, (FGM: 52, 82%; CGM:11, 18%). Sensor use (91%) were slightly reduced. Despite this reduction, Time in Range increased in P 1 (62%), P 2 (61%) and P 3 (62%) as compared to P 0 (58%, all p < 0.05 or less) with concomitant reduction in the Time Above Range (P 0 : 38%; P 1 : 34%, P 2 : 34%, P 3 : 32%, all p < 0.05 or less vs. P 0). Average glucose and GMI improved achieving statistical difference in P 3 (165 vs. 158 mg/dl, p = 0.040 and 7.2% (55 mmol/mol) vs. 7.0% (53 mmol/mol), p = 0.016) compared to P0. Time Below Range (TBR) and overall glucose variability remained unchanged. Bi-hourly analysis of glucose profile showed an improvement particularly in the early morning hours. Conclusions: In T1D subjects with good glycemic control on CGM or FGM, the lockdown had no negative impact. Rather a modest but significant improvement in glycemic control has been recorded, most likely reflecting more regular daily life activities and reduces workrelated distress.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) on glycemic control and pregnancy outcomes in Type 1 diabetic pregnant women. We retrospectively evaluated 42 subjects, 20 treated with CSII and 22 with multiple dose insulin injections (MDI). The two groups were comparable for age, pre-pregnancy BMI, and primiparous rate, whereas women in the CSII group showed a tendency toward a longer diabetes duration (p = 0.06). Pre-pregnancy diabetic retinopathy and/or nephropathy were present in nine women of CSII and three of MDI. In all women metabolic control improved during pregnancy, without differences between the two groups and at the end of gestation HbA1c was 6.3 +/- 0.6 in CSII and 6.1 +/- 1.1% in MDI. Moreover, there were no differences in weight gain, whereas insulin requirement resulted significantly (p = 0.009) lower in CSII than in MDI. We recorded only one severe hypoglycaemic episode in both groups. No cases of deteriorations of the chronic diabetic complications were observed. The delivery occurred at 36.4 +/- 2.2 weeks; birth weight, the rate of large for gestational age, and the parameters of foetal morbidity were similar in both groups. In conclusions, CSII and MDI are both effective in improving maternal glucose control and have both similar pregnancy outcomes.

Aims: to evaluate the effect of home confinement related to COVID-19 lockdown on metabolic control in subjects with T2DM in Italy. Methods: we evaluated the metabolic profile of 304 individuals with T2DM (65% males; age 69 ± 9 years; diabetes duration 16 ± 10 years) attending our Diabetes Unit early at the end of lockdown period (June 8 to July 7, 2020) and compared it with the latest one recorded before lockdown. Results: There was no significant difference in fasting plasma glucose (8.6 ± 2.1 vs 8.8 ± 2. 5 mmol/L; P = 0.353) and HbA1c (7.1 ± 0.9 vs 7.1 ± 0.9%; P = 0.600) before and after lockdown. Worsening of glycaemic control (i.e., DHbA1c 0.5%) occurred more frequently in older patients (32.2% in > 80 years vs 21.3% in 61-80 years vs 9.3% in < 60 years; P = 0.05) and in insulin users (28.8 vs 16.5%; P = 0.012). On multivariable analysis, age > 80 years (OR 4.62; 95%CI: 1.22-16.07) and insulin therapy (OR 1.96; 95%CI: 1.10-3.50) remained independently associated to worsening in glycaemic control. Conclusions: Home confinement related to COVID-19 lockdown did not exert a negative effect on glycaemic control in patients with T2DM. However, age and insulin therapy can identify patients at greatest risk of deterioration of glycaemic control.