SUMMARYWater degradation is strongly related to agricultural activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of land use and some environmental components on surface water quality in the Campestre catchment, located in Colombo, state of Parana, Brazil. Physical and chemical attributes were analyzed (total nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, total phosphorus, electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, turbidity, total solids, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen). Monthly samples of the river water were taken over one year at eight monitoring sites, distributed over three sub-basins. Overall, water quality was worse in the sub-basin with a higher percentage of agriculture, and was also affected by a lower percentage of native forest and permanent preservation area, and a larger drainage area. Water quality was also negatively affected by the presence of agriculture in the riparian zone. In the summer season, probably due to higher rainfall and intensive soil use, a higher concentration of total nitrogen and particulate nitrogen was observed, as well as higher electrical conductivity, pH and turbidity. All attributes, except for total phosphorus, were in compliance with Brazilian Conama Resolution Nº 357/2005 for freshwater class 1. However, it should be noted that these results referred to the base flow and did not represent a discharge condition since most of the water samples were not collected at or near the rainfall event.Index terms: water pollution, agriculture, nutrients, micro watershed.( A degradação dos recursos hídricos está intensamente relacionada à atividade agrícola. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do uso do solo e de alguns componentes ambientais na qualidade da água superficial na microbacia do rio Campestre, município de Colombo, Paraná. Foram analisados os atributos físicos e químicos (nitrogênio Kjeldahl, amônio, nitrato, fósforo total, turbidez, pH, temperatura, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais, demanda biológica de oxigênio, demanda química de oxigênio e oxigênio dissolvido). A coleta das amostras de água foi realizada mensalmente por um ano em oito pontos, distribuídos em três sub-bacias. De modo geral, a qualidade da água foi inferior na sub-bacia com maior porcentagem de agricultura, sendo influenciada também pelas porcentagens de floresta, área de preservação permanente com agricultura e área de contribuição da sub-bacia. Na estação de verão, provavelmente em razão da maior precipitação pluvial e do uso do solo, ocorreram as maiores concentrações de N Kjeldahl e N particulado, bem como de condutividade elétrica, pH e turbidez. Todos os atributos analisados, exceto o P total, estavam de acordo com a Resolução Conama nº 357/2005, para água doce de classe 1. No entanto, cabe ressaltar que o monitoramento realizado referiu-se ao escoamento de base e não representou uma condição de descarga, já que a maioria das coletas não foi realizada durante ou próxima do evento de precipitação.Termos de indexação: poluição da água, agricultu...
Um dos mais importantes fatores na produção de mudas de essências florestais é a fertilização do substrato, que deve atender as demandas nutricionais de cada espécie. A utilização de fertilizante de liberação lenta pode contribuir para a obtenção de mudas de melhor qualidade. Dessa forma, foi objetivo deste trabalho avaliar doses de fertilizante de liberação lenta no desenvolvimento de mudas de araucária e canela-sassafrás. O estudo foi realizado na região do Vale do Itajaí (SC), durante os meses de agosto de 2007 a março de 2008, em viveiro instalado no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Campus Rio do Sul, com sementes provenientes da própria região. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 4 tratamentos: T1-0 kg; T2-3 kg; T3- 6 kg e T4- 9 kg de Basacote® por m³ de substrato-base. Após 190 dias da semeadura, foram analisadas as variáveis altura total, diâmetro do colo, relação entre altura e diâmetro do colo, matéria fresca da parte aérea, matéria seca da parte aérea, matéria seca da raiz, matéria seca total e dose de máxima eficiência técnica. As mudas das duas espécies tiveram um melhor crescimento com a dose de 6 kg de Basacote® por m³ de substrato-padrão utilizado.Palavras-chave: Araucária; canela-sassafrás; fertilização; produção de mudas. AbstractSlow release fertilizer on the growth of seedlings Araucaria angustifolia and Ocotea odorifera. Substrate fertilization is among the most important factors for seedling production control, which should meet the nutritional demands of each species. Slow release fertilizers may contribute for better quality seedlings formation. According to that, this study aimed to evaluate slow release fertilizer doses in the development of araucaria and canela-sassafras seedlings. The study was developed in the region of Itajaí Valley (SC), along the months of August 2007 and March 2008, in a seedbed installed at the Federal Agricultural School, under a totally randomized design, with four treatments: T1-0 kg; T2-3 kg; T3-6 kg e T4-9 kg of Basacote® per m³ of basic substrate. After 190 days from sowing, measurements had been made for total height, collar diameter, height and collar diameter ratio, fresh biomass of the above ground part, dry biomass of the above ground part, root dry biomass, total dry biomass and maximum technical efficiency doses. The seedlings of both species showed better growth at the 6 kg doses of Basacote per m3 of standard substrate.Keywords:Araucaria; canela-sassafras; fertilization; seedlings production.
| In the aging process, the individual goes through physiological changes, especially the decline in lung function. The incentive spirometry, used in many populations, not yet makes clear the difference between the methods and the volume flow on respiratory variables in older subjects. This study aimed to compare the effects of incentive spirometry -volume and flow, on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and thoracoabdominal mobility in healthy elderly. It was a clinical trial with 48 elderly between 60 and 84 years old, randomized to the incentive spirometry by volume (n=23) or by flow (n=25). We evaluated the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and the maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), volumes and pulmonary capacities and thoracoabdominal cirtometry before and after home training. The data were analyzed by two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. There was an increase in MIP, MEP, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second, minute volume, tidal volume and xiphoid and umbilical cirtometry level in both groups (p<0.001). When comparing both groups, the increase in FVC was higher in flow group (p=0.03) and there was a greater increase in axillary cirtometry in volume group (p=0.02). Both incentives were effective in improving lung function, respiratory muscle strength and thoracoabdominal mobility in healthy elderly, being good allies of respiratory therapy.
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