The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.

Resumo

Resumo -É apresentado o levantamento florístico de Menispermaceae da Bahia, Brasil, como contribuição ao conhecimento da flora do estado. Foram reconhecidos 22 táxons, sendo apresentadas chaves analíticas de identificação, descrições, comentários, mapas de distribuição e ilustrações das espécies. São fornecidas pela primeira vez a descrição e ilustração de caracteres reprodutivos de Curarea crassa (flores fem.), Odontocarya duckei (flores masc.) e Sciadotenia pubistaminea (frutos). Abuta selloana e Disciphania ernstii representam novos registros para a Bahia. Uma espécie de Cissampelos permanece não identificada, mas suas afinidades morfológicas são aqui discutidas. Palavras-chaves adicionais: Chondrodendron, Cissampelos, florística, Nordeste brasileiro, taxonomia. MENISPERMACEAELianas, às vezes arbustos eretos ou escandentes, raramente ervas ou árvores, perenes; caule cilíndrico ou achatado, tricomas simples; estípulas ausentes. Folhas alternas, geralmente simples, às vezes peltadas, pecioladas; venação geralmente palmatinérvea, com 3-12 nervuras principais, às vezes peninérvea. Inflorescências estaminadas e pistiladas axilares a supra-axilares ou caulifloras, geralmente racemosas, paniculadas, tirsiformes, algumas vezes cimosas no ápice, raro flores solitárias ou aos pares. Flores pequenas, unissexuadas (plantas dioicas), mono ou diclamídeas. Flores masculinas com sépalas (1)3-12 ou mais, livres ou conatas, em 2 ou mais séries; pétalas menores que as sépalas, 1-6 ou ausentes, livres ou conatas; estames (1-)3-6 ou mais, livres ou conatos (sinândrio), anteras com deiscência rimosa ou transversal. Flores femininas com sépalas e pétalas geralmente como nas flores masc., menos numerosas e ramificadas; estaminódios presentes ou ausentes; gineceu apocárpico, carpelos 3, 6 ou mais raro l, estigma terminal, inteiro ou lobado, ovário súpero, óvulos 2 por lóculo, 1 abortivo, placentação pêndula. Frutos drupáceos, frutículos

There have been few palynological studies of the family Menispermaceae. Here, we analyzed the pollen grains of 12 species from seven genera of Menispermaceae occurring in the state of Bahia, Brazil: Abuta selloana Eichl.; Borismene japurensis (Mart.) Eichl.; Chondrodendron microphyllum (Eichl.) Moldenke; C. platyphyllum (A.St.-Hil.) Miers; Cissampelos andromorpha DC.; C. ovalifolia DC.; C. pareira L.; C. sympodialis Eichl.; Hyperbaena domingensis (DC.) Benth.; Odontocarya duckei Barneby; Sciadotenia campestris Barneby; and S. pubistaminea (K. Schum.) Diels. The pollen grains were acetolysed, measured, described, and illustrated using light and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains were found to be small, oblate spheroidal or prolate spheroidal, isopolar, and tricolpate or tricolporate; the exine was found to be reticulate. It was concluded that the various genera can be separated based on pollen characters. Within each of the genera, the species studied were stenopalynous. For five Menispermaceae species, pollen descriptions are presented here for the first time.

Resumo Este estudo engloba as espécies de Menispermaceae registradas para as cangas da Serra dos Carajás, no estado do Pará, trazendo descrições detalhadas, ilustrações e comentários morfológicos das espécies. Foram registradas uma espécie do gênero Abuta: A. grandifolia e duas espécies do gênero Cissampelos: C. andromorpha e C. laxiflora para a área de estudo. Os gêneros são amplamente distribuídos em florestas tropicais nas Américas do Norte (Sul do México), Central, e do Sul, sendo o centro de diversidade na Amazônia (Brasil, Guiana, Suriname e Guiana Francesa).