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Recreational physical activity after the diagnosis of stages I to III colorectal cancer may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer-specific and overall mortality.

Abstract-Hydroxylation [2][3][4] and also by the distribution of the 1␣-hydroxylase enzyme to a variety of tissues, such as endothelial cells, VSMCs, and various locations in the kidney. [5][6][7][8] Laboratory studies demonstrate that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH) 2 D] inhibits renin expression in the juxtaglomerular apparatus 4,9 and blocks proliferation of VSMCs, 10 which could influence systemic blood pressure.In humans, skin exposure to ultraviolet B radiation, which is the major source of vitamin D, 11,12 has been associated with lower blood pressure. [13][14][15][16][17][18] Furthermore, a single interventional study conducted in 148 vitamin D-deficient elderly women demonstrated a 9% decrease in systolic blood pressure with supplemental vitamin D and calcium compared with calcium alone. 19 To our knowledge, however, no prospective studies have investigated plasma vitamin D levels and the subsequent risk of developing hypertension.We prospectively examined the association between measured plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and risk of incident hypertension among 613 men from the Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study (HPFS) and 1198 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) without baseline hypertension. Furthermore, we prospectively studied the relation between predicted plasma 25(OH)D levels and risk of incident hypertension among 38 388 men and 77 531 women from these cohorts. Methods Source PopulationsThe HPFS cohort was assembled in 1986, when 51 529 male health professionals, aged 40 to 75 years, returned a mailed questionnaire. Subsequent questionnaires have been mailed every 2 years to update information on health-related behaviors and medical events. In 1993, blood samples were submitted by 18 025 participants (HPFS "blood