Purpose: Early use of oxandrolone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs has been shown to increase adult height in patients at risk for short stature, but use in trans-masculine (TM) youth to augment height has not been explored. The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of oxandrolone on adult height in TM youth. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective chart review of TM patients seen between 2013 and 2018. Hormone regimens, heights, mid-parental height, and bone ages were recorded. We examined correlations between adult height and age at the initiation of treatment or with the age of referral (in untreated patients). Results: Of TM patients, 154 had achieved adult height, including 34 who received oxandrolone, 42 who reached adult height before starting gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), and 14 who received no treatment. Adult height correlated inversely with age at hormone initiation in oxandrolone-treated patients only ( p = 0.001). Each earlier year of treatment yielded a 2.3 cm increase in adult height. Those who started oxandrolone younger than the median age achieved an adult height of 169.6 -6.4 cm compared to 162.1 -6.0 cm in those starting later than the median age ( p < 0.001), 164.6 -4.8 cm in those receiving no treatment ( p = 0.02), and 163.9 -6.5 cm in those receiving all other regimens ( p < 0.001). Conclusions: Early use of oxandrolone may augment adult height in TM youth. Height discussions should be part of comprehensive GAHT counseling.

BackgroundInsulin pumps are a frequently used technology among youth with type 1 diabetes. Air bubbles within insulin pump tubing are common, preventing insulin delivery and increasing the risk of large glycemic excursions and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We sought to determine the prevalence of air bubbles in insulin pump tubing and identify factors associated with clinically significant air bubbles.MethodsFifty-three subjects were recruited over 65 office visits. The insulin pump tubing was visualized, and any air bubbles were measured by length. The length of air bubbles was then converted to time without insulin at the lowest basal rate. Generalized linear model (GLM) was used to determine the associations between air bubble size and other variables.ResultsOf the 65 encounters, 45 had air bubbles in the tubing. Five (5/65 = 7.7%) encounters had a time without insulin of more than 60 min. Air bubble size was inversely correlated with time since infusion set change (p < 0.001), and directly correlated with age of the subject (p = 0.049).ConclusionsSignificantly more air bubbles were found in the tubing of insulin pumps soon after infusion set change and with older subjects, suggesting a relationship with the technique of filling the insulin cartridge and priming the tubing.

concept scale (KK. Scale). The total costs of treatment in the past year were estimated including all outpatient services used within the last year. Results: The costs of treatment amounted on average 31000 DM/year in the year before index admission and 43000 DM/year in the following year (including index admission). The costs were highly correlated with social disability (12) (p < 0.000 1) and moderately correlated with negative symptoms (t!, 12) (p < .05), but not with positive or general symptoms. Negative symptoms were highly correlated with social disability (t!, 12) (p < .01), positive and general symptoms only moderately (12) (p < .05). The t 1-12-correlation of the KK.S was pretty good with mean r = .4 in the 7 subscales. A negative correlation was found between drug confidence and the costs of treatment in the following year (p <