The study reported here examines the learning approaches adopted by students enrolled in introductory chemistry at a public university. To evaluate learning approaches, a group of 61 students enrolled in the course were interviewed at three time-points during the semester, specifically to ascertain how they prepared for the exams. From these interviews, the Learning Approaches Framework for Chemistry was developed. The framework describes four levels of learning approaches that were determined based on the activities reported by students around use of metacognitive skills, reference materials, practice problems, and interactions with others. Students who use approaches referred to as Level 1 (Gathering Facts) and Level 2 (Learning Procedures) rely on outside sources of information for understanding, while those who use Level 3 (Confirming Understanding) and Level 4 (Applying Ideas) approaches evaluate information for themselves and generate explanations in their own words. Analysis using a Hierarchical Linear Model showed that students' learning approach level is a significant predictor of their exam score (p < 0.05). The coefficient for each learning approach level increases as the level increases from Level 2 to Level 3 (p 2 ¼ 0.39 , p 3 ¼ 0.88) indicating that as the learning approach level increases, so does exam performance. This study demonstrates associations between students' learning approaches and performance. Analysis also showed that while some students do make the transition from Level 2 to Level 3 learning approaches during the semester, many students remain in Level 2, and rely largely on memorization of procedures and problems. These findings suggest that additional instructional supports should be developed to encourage more students to use Level 3 learning approaches when studying and preparing for exams in self-directed settings. # 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 790-815, 2015 Keywords: learning approaches; undergraduate; chemistry The transition from learning science in the high school classroom to university-style lecture courses brings about a marked change in structure and expectations for many students. Generally, high school science classes are relatively small, and teachers offer significant amounts of guidance for classroom activities, homework assignments, and exam preparation. Studies of instructional approaches in high school classrooms provide evidence that students gain a more robust understanding when teachers encourage students to construct scientific explanations, to critique their own ideas and the ideas of others, and to make connections between observations and/or computer visualizations and their initial ideas

No abstract