Background: We aimed to document viral, bacterial, and protozoan enteric pathogens responsible for causing moderate-to-severe diarrhoea among children under five presenting at public health facilities in Zambia following the introduction of rotavirus vaccination.

Background: Introduction of rotavirus vaccines has resulted in a decrease in rotavirus related mortality and morbidity. We sought to conduct a meta-analysis to estimate the effect of rotavirus vaccine on incidence of diarrhoea.

Background: Environmental Enteropathy (EE) is a complex syndrome involving intestinal disorder which has been observed among children living in resource-poor settings. We investigated stored stool samples collected from children under-5 for relationships between specific enteric pathogens and levels of stool EE markers: Calprotectin (CALP), Alpha-1-Anti-Trypsin (AAT) and Myeloperoxidase (MPO). Methods:We used clinical data and stored stool samples collected prior to, and during the early months of widespread rotavirus vaccine implementation in Lusaka between July 2012 and October 2013 in Lusaka, Zambia. Children were considered eligible if they presented to the facility with symptoms of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea defined by having one or more of the following signs or symptoms: dehydration evidenced by sunken eyes, loss of normal skin turgor, or requiring intravenous resuscitation; dysentery (diarrhoea with blood in stool); or hospitalisation. We randomly selected 320 stool samples from the pool of 2,050 for analysis. We tested for 15 enteric pathogens using the Luminex XTag GPP panel and used commercial ELISA kits to assess the presence and levels of three known fecal markers of EE. We derived an EE score using a weighted sum of CALP, AAT, and MPO and applied a multivariable linear regression model to identify enteric pathogens independently associated with EE score.Results: After excluding insufficient samples (24) and those with missing clinical data (62), a total of the 234 were available for analysis. Of these, 114 (49%) were female, 103 (44%) were asymptomatic for diarrhoea, 181 (77%) had two or more enteric pathogens detected in stool. Fifty-six percent (131/234) children were positive for Rotavirus, 43.2% (101/234) Enterotoxigenic E. coli, 36% (86/234) Giardia, 35% (82/234) Adenovirus and 34.2% (80/234) had Shigella. The mean EE score was 5 (SD=2.25). The median concentration of MPO, CALP, and AAT were 2560.4 ng/ml (interquartile range (IQR)=806.1, 6522.9), 79.1 ng/ml (IQR=0, 362.5), and 48.6 mg/ml (IQR=12.1, 139.5) respectively. Shigella (coefficient=0.92; 95%CI=(0.14, 1.70); p=0.022) and Salmonella (coefficient=0.83; 95%CI=(0.08, 1.58); p=0.030) were independently associated with increase in mean EE score and together with E. coli accounted for 68.5% of the predicted variance in EE score.Conclusions: Salmonella and Shigella were found to be associated with EE and together with accounted for over two-thirds of variability in the EE score.