These results suggest that initial control of fundal varices is more difficult than it is with cardiac varices, but butyl cyanoacrylate is superior to ethanolamine oleate, and the survival advantage from butyl cyanoacrylate seems to be partially related to the increased early bleeding deaths in the ethanolamine oleate group.

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The reproducibility of echo‐Doppler measurements of portal vein and superior mesenteric artery blood flow has not been extensively studied. In the present study, two groups of subjects were examined to test inter‐ and intra‐observer reproducibility. Each study population consisted of 15 non‐portal hypertensive and 15 portal hypertensive subjects. With a standardized technique, the cross‐sectional area and velocity of blood flow in the portal vein and superior mesenteric artery were recorded in triplicate by skilled operators. The flow volume of each vessel was calculated by multiplying the cross‐sectional area by the velocity of blood flow. The measurements were performed in a blind fashion over a 60 min period. The reproducibility of measurements was assessed by calculation of intraclass correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation. The intra‐observer intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.77 for portal vein blood flow and 0.84 for superior mesenteric artery blood flow, suggesting good reproducibility. The intra‐observer coefficient of variation was 11 and 9%, respectively. In contrast, the interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated to be 0.49 for portal blood vein blood flow and 0.57 for superior mesenteric artery blood flow, indicating fair reproducibility. In addition, the interobserver coefficients of variation were calculted to be 20 and 18%, respectively. These data suggest that intra‐observer reproducibility in echo‐Doppler measurements of portal vein and superior mesenteric artery blood flow is acceptable but inter‐observer reproducibility is not. Examination by a single operator, rather than multiple operators, is therefore advisable. Even when measurements are performed by a single investigator an approximate variance of 10% in the measurement in a single subject should be expected.

We performed prophylactic sclerotherapy in 350 patients with 'high risk' oesophageal varices (F2 or F3 with a moderate or severe red colour sign). Of these patients, eight exhibited sclerotherapy resistance (i.e. no significant reduction in the size of varices after five sessions of sclerotherapy). Thus, the prevalence of sclerotherapy resistant varices was 2%. Of 350 patients, 97 underwent haemodynamic investigation before sclerotherapy. This group consisted of seven patients with sclerotherapy resistant varices and 90 patients with non-resistant varices. Portal pressure, assessed by portal venous pressure gradient, was similar in these two groups (21.5 f 4.8 vs 19.8 f 5.0 mmHg, respectively; NS). However, the prevalence of the 'pipe-line' form of variceal feeding pattern (a large dilated left gastric vein running up the oesophagus) was higher in patients with resistant varices than in those with non-resistant varices (100 vs 3%, respectively; P< 0.01) and the diameter of the left gastric vein was larger in patients with resistant varices than in those with non-resistant varices (12.4 f 2.0 vs 7.8 f 2.3 mm, respectively; P< 0.01). Moreover, the extravariceal portosystemic shunt was poorly developed in patients with resistant varices compared with non-resistant varices (0 vs 52%, respectively; P < 0.05). We conclude that the pipe-line pattern, fed by a large left gastric vein and associated with poorly developed extravariceal portosystemic shunt, is a distinctive portal venographic feature of sclerotherapy resistant varices.

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