Patients and Methods: Two hundred cases were included in this study and divided into two groups (A & B) 100 in each group. Primigravidas presenting with engaged fetal head were included in Group A and those presenting with unengaged fetal head were included in Group B. The course of labor in all patients was recorded on partogram. Partogram was maintained according to departmental protocol. Cesarean section was decided if labour failed to progress or fetal head failed to descend after observing as per departmental protocol (12 hours). All patients were studied in detail with reference to mode of delivery regarding vaginal (spontaneous and instrumental) or cesarean section delivery. Results: Mean age was 23.65+3.72 years in Group-A and 24.96+4.12 years in Group-B, 31%(n=31) in Group-A and 38%(n=38) in Group-B between 37-39 weeks, 60%(n=60) in group-A and 51%(n=51) in Group-B between 40-41 weeks and 9%(n=9) in Group-A and 11%(n=11) in Group-B were with 42 weeks of gestation, mode of delivery in primigravida with engaged versus unengaged fetal head with spontaneous onset of labour at term was compared which showed that 19%(n=19) in Group-A and 39%(n=39) in Group-B were delivered with cesarean section, 65%(n=65) in Group-A and 42%(n=42) in Group-B were spontaneously delivered vaginally while 16%(n=16) in Group-A and 19%(n=19) in Group-B had assisted vaginal delivery. Conclusion: Cesarean section was more prevalent in unengaged fetal head in primigravida women at term.

To find the frequency of gestational diabetes in pregnant women using 50 grams glucose challenge test. Study design: a descriptive study.

The objective of the study was to identify the frequency of causes of intrauterine fetal deaths in patients presenting to a tertiary care setting. Study Design: Cross Sectional Survey. Settings: Study was conducted at department of obstetrics and gynaecology, unit-ii Lahore General Hospital, postgraduate medical institute, Lahore. Duration: From April 2010 to October 2010. Results: Majority of the patients of the subjects under the study were recorded between 21-30 years of age with mean age 26.24+3.58 years. Distribution of of causes of intrauterine fetal death shows 42% (n=63) with no cause, 23.33% (n=35) with more than two causes, 20.67% (n=31) with two causes and 14%(n=21) with one cause. Hypertensive disorders 41.43%(n=62), unexplained 42%(n=63), 35.33%(n=53) were found with physical injuries, 17%(n=24) with congenital anomaly, antiphospholipid syndrome in 14%(n=21) while diabetes mellitus was found in 12.67%(n=19) cases. Most of the women were found primiparity i.e. 49.33% (n=74), Multi para 2-4 in 31.33% (n=47) and only 19.34% (n=29) were found with > 4 grand multi para. Conclusion: The frequency of causes of intrauterine fetal death in patients presenting to a tertiary care setting shows most of the patients with hypertensive disorders, unexplained and physical injuries while antiphospholipid syndrome and diabetes mellitus were found the less common causes.

Objectives: The objective of the study was to identify the frequency of causesof intrauterine fetal deaths in patients presenting to a tertiary care setting. Study Design: CrossSectional Survey. Settings: Study was conducted at department of obstetrics and gynaecology,unit- ii Lahore General Hospital, postgraduate medical institute, Lahore. Duration: From April2010 to October 2010. Results: Majority of the patients of the subjects under the study wererecorded between 21-30 years of age with mean age 26.24+3.58 years. Distribution of ofcauses of intrauterine fetal death shows 42% (n=63) with no cause, 23.33% (n=35) with morethan two causes, 20.67% (n=31) with two causes and 14%(n=21) with one cause. Hypertensivedisorders 41.43%(n=62), unexplained 42%(n=63), 35.33%(n=53) were found with physicalinjuries, 17%(n=24) with congenital anomaly, antiphospholipid syndrome in 14%(n=21) whilediabetes mellitus was found in 12.67%(n=19) cases. Most of the women were found primiparityi.e. 49.33% (n=74), Multi para 2-4 in 31.33% (n=47) and only 19.34% (n=29) were found with >4 grand multi para. Conclusion: The frequency of causes of intrauterine fetal death in patientspresenting to a tertiary care setting shows most of the patients with hypertensive disorders,unexplained and physical injuries while antiphospholipid syndrome and diabetes mellitus werefound the less common causes.

Objectives: The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of cervical cerclage applied in 2nd trimester for cervical incompetence to prevent pregnancy loss. Settings: This study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit-I & II, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. Duration of Study: This study was carried out from June 2015 to May 2016. Study Design: Descriptive case series. Results: The mean age of the patients was 27.33+4.21 years. Most of the patients (66%, n=33) were between 25-30 years while 34% (n=17) were between 31-35 years. Gestational age of 70% patients (n=35) was between 13-18 weeks. Dilated cervix up to 3 cm was present in 44% (n=22) patients. Cervical length, 2.5cm, was present in 52% (n=26) patients while 36% (n=18) subjects showed membrane prolapse (beyondinternal os) and 64% (n=32) subjects had continuation of pregnancy up till 28 weeks. Conclusion: Cervical cerclage applied in 2nd trimester for cervical incompetence is effective in majority of the patients.