Catechin, a avonol belonging to the avonoid group of polyphenols is present in many plant foods. The present study was done to evaluate the effect of catechin on various in ammatory mediators using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The effect of catechin on total cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), myeloperoxidase, nitrite and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) level, secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The expression of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, nuclear factor-ĸB (NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) genes were also investigated. The effect was further analyzed using human PBMCs by assessing the level of TNF-α and IL-10. The study demonstrated that the in ammatory mediators such as COX, 5-LOX, nitrite, iNOS, and TNF-α were signi cantly inhibited by catechin in a dose-dependent manner whereas IL-10 production was up-regulated in RAW 264.7 cells.Moreover, catechin down-regulated the mRNA level expression of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, NF-κB and p38 MAPK. The current study rati es the bene cial effect of catechin as a dietary component in plant foods to provide protection against in ammatory diseases.

Catechin, a flavonol belonging to the flavonoid group of polyphenols is present in many plant foods. The present study was done to evaluate the effect of catechin on various inflammatory mediators using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The effect of catechin on total cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), myeloperoxidase, nitrite and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) level, secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The expression of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, nuclear factor-ĸB (NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) genes were also investigated. The effect was further analyzed using human PBMCs by assessing the level of TNF-α and IL-10. The study demonstrated that the inflammatory mediators such as COX, 5-LOX, nitrite, iNOS, and TNF-α were significantly inhibited by catechin in a dose-dependent manner whereas IL-10 production was up-regulated in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, catechin down-regulated the mRNA level expression of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, NF-κB and p38 MAPK. The current study ratifies the beneficial effect of catechin as a dietary component in plant foods to provide protection against inflammatory diseases.

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Aeromonas spp. are opportunistic pathogens which cause diseases in ornamental fish.But the degree of infection and the severity of disease caused by various Aeromonas spp. are generally being reported to be strain specific. Therefore, the present study focused on the disease induction ability of previously isolated Aeromonas veronii XhG1.2 in Xiphophorus hellerii in comparison with A. hydrophila (MTCC 1739). Further, the ability of A. veronii XhG1.2 to cause disease in other selected ornamental fish such as Poecilia sphenops (molly), Carassius auratus (goldfish) and Cyprinus carpio (common carp) has also been studied. Here, the intramuscular injection of A. veronii XhG1.2 was observed to cause disease incidence and increased mortality in all the selected ornamental fish. The mortality observed was 100, 100 and 88.3%, respectively, for P. sphenops, C. auratus and C. carpio within the 48-h period. Histopathological analysis of gill, liver and intestine of all the XhG1.2 treated fish further confirmed its role in fish disease. The results of the study are indicative of emergence of Aeromonas spp. with the ability to cause disease in wide range of ornamental fish.

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