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Over the last three decades, a great investment effort has been made in the modernization of irrigation in the Valencian Community (Spain). The initial change from distribution networks to pressurized ones and the shift towards drip irrigation systems was followed by improvements in irrigation scheduling, based on agrometeorological data, soil water content sensors, and remote sensing. These improvements are considered adequate for increasing irrigation water use efficiency, but it is difficult to find systematic measurements to assess its impacts on irrigation adequacy along with irrigation productivity in fruit orchards. This work presents the results of a four year assessment of irrigation water and energy use efficiency along with water productivity of a recently established irrigation community in the province of Valencia (Spain). The study was carried out at the orchard level and focused on two fruit crops: persimmon and peach trees. Six irrigation performance indicators, relative water supply (RWS), relative irrigation supply (RIS), yield performance (Yp), global water productivity (WPoverall), output per unit irrigation water (OUI), and the percent of nitrogen fertilization obtained by irrigation water, were defined and calculated for years 2017 to 2020 in 104 persimmon and peach orchards. The results showed that most of the farmers irrigated below the crop water requirements, showing RWS and RIS values less than 1, and there was great variability among farmers, especially in WPoverall and OUI indicators.

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A number of studies addressing the environmental impact of deploying carbon capture utilization and storage are focused on sources of CO 2 in the power sector. However, there is a lack of environmental studies on the use of CO 2 from process stream within the oil and gas industries. The carbon balance of an enhanced oil recovery project for the specific case of using CO 2 process stream of ammonia production from emission factors and regional databases in the Mexican oil and gas sector was assessed. Two independent tools to assess life cycle assessment according to guidelines ISO 14040/14044 were utilized: (i) use of Umberto software to quantify the environmental impact with ReCiPe model midpoint; and, (ii) The American Petroleum Institute method through the use of emissions factor for each source and emission gas of the activity/facility in a spread sheet. The results of the tools were compared and the dissimilarities analysed. The emissions profiles from all direct and indirect activities associated with the enhanced oil recovery system were compared with a "cradle-to-grave" model. The functional unit is one barrel of crude oil extracted and consumed. Global warming as the environmental indicator of both tools was used. Additionally, the energy balance of the project was estimated. The global warming impact of the enhanced oil recovery system was 0.51 tCO 2e /barrel (bbl) using the American Petroleum Institute tool, whilst the emissions using Umberto software were 0.54 tCO 2e /bbl. Also, for each MJ of energy produced a value of 72 tCO 2e /MJ oil and of 66 tCO 2e /MJ oil, were obtained. This study demonstrates that both tools delivered an accurate estimation of the greenhouse gas emissions in the enhanced oil recovery system for the oil and gas industries. However, American Petroleum Institute has the advantage that the calculations can be performed ´manually´ in a spread sheet using emissions factor adjusted to the facilities and Country. Regarding the results of both tools, this work shows that American Petroleum Institute results have proven to be an efficient tool for practitioners and researchers that intend to analyse the greenhouse gas emission of carbon capture utilization and storage systems to estimate, with accuracy, the global warming impact.