β-carotene and crocin bleaching reactions are the basis of two methods extensively used to quantify antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities. They are appropriate for lipophilic and hydrophilic matrices, respectively, and can provide useful complementary information in the study of complex natural extracts containing components with variable degrees of polarity. In this regard, a microplate procedure (Carotene Combined Bleaching) is proposed that enables the combination of both methods in a single, informative and less expensive method which is also faster to carry out. As an illustrative model, the method was applied to test a set of commercial lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants and some predictable pro-oxidant agents.Afterwards, as a food compound case study, the antioxidant activity of five types of tea 2 extracts (Green, Blue, White, Black and Red) were characterized and their equivalent potential activity was calculated using commercial antioxidants on the basis of the new procedure developed in this research. The activity of the tea extracts decreased in the following order: (a) In a predominantly lipophilic environment: White > Black > Red > Blue > Green tea extracts; and (b) In a predominantly hydrophilic environment: Green > Red > White > Black > Blue tea extracts.

In systems with several effectors, the results of dose-response (DR) experiments are usually assessed by checking them against two hypotheses: independent action (IA) and concentration addition (CA). Both are useful simplifications, but do not represent the only possible responses, and avoid to a large extent the analysis of the interactions that are possible in the system. In addition, these are often applied in such a way that they produce insufficient descriptions of the problem that raises them, frequent inconclusive cases and doubtful decisions. In this work a generative approach is attempted, starting from some simple mechanisms necessarily underlying the response of an elementary biological entity to an effector agent. A set of simulations is formulated next through an equally simple system of logical rules, and several families of virtual responses are thus generated. These families include typical responses of IA and CA modes of action, other ones not less probable from a physiological point of view, and even other derived from common and expectable forms of interactions. The analysis of these responses enabled, firstly, to relate some phenomenological regularities with some general mechanistic principles, and to detect several causes by which the IA-CA dualism is necessarily ambiguous. Secondly, it allowed identifying different forms of synergy and antagonism that contribute to explain some controversial aspects of these notions. Finally, it led to propose two sets of explicit algebraic equations that describe accurately a wide diversity of possible and realistic responses.

publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. cvle and leucacvta rmuunts 15.3 f 0.3 1O%l and 4.3 & 0.5 l&l, in h..lfhv cow orQ.nism mre dncmrsed. Leuwcvte formub showsd the increased pwxnt.ge of eosinophlfs (10.5 IO.4%). Fluctuation of T-and kl+inp~cyCe subpopulat~no in both reQionr proved to b. i+ significant. In ecolagic.lv cont.mm.ted rsgmn the number of b&n. blocd Thfi Ivmphocvies w.s 24.5 & 2.1% while Tch fvn-&xv?es -12.1 * 1.0% .rd immuncwQul.fion index w.s 2.9. N.tunl LIlercsllr .~~lyw.t12.1*2.8.20.6f4.Sand22.013.l%a tie of effector: tamet cells. Ateffector and t.rget cells fatiO ol40: 1 was detected functiOnal wedraninp Of natur.l Lllsrs (p < 0.05). In .C&Qi. calfVconf.min.l.d dmnct BW R.I.. .nd Comn.rirus infectad bOYin.. vwre more nvm .mus(bv 1.5-Z toldl. In conclusion, thesfatsof bovine syrtsm is inhIbited by bwmful envfronmenldf hcton which cws. ,m munoaupmssion .nd suaceptibilm, to tirel infections. Kt+wof& T-: 9.$mphacylcs: natural killers: ELV: mtw: coronavirus Using antt.peptide antibodiis. we have prev!.wsly idsntilwl . pr& nt CYPlAZ .I re.kiues2~296l11.-so% comparad to an equl&t volume 0i pimmune Elucidation of the epifow important for antibody binding was inwsdgated bv competing the binding of the antibody to a ser)Bs of related papttde5. This sugQe3W that tb+Gterminalm~ionaf thepptide was impwant for bindin to human CVPlA2. Thus a prolnhlbitory fsgron on the surface of human CYPIU has been idenfiiied.