Over the past century, the Brazilian Atlantic forest has been reduced to small, isolated fragments of forest. Reproductive isolation theories predict a loss of genetic diversity and increases in inbreeding and spatial genetic structure (SGS) in such populations. We analysed eight microsatellite loci to investigate the pollen and seed dispersal patterns, genetic diversity, inbreeding and SGS of the tropical tree Copaifera langsdorffii in a small (4.8 ha), isolated population. All 112 adult trees and 128 seedlings found in the stand were sampled, mapped and genotyped. Seedlings had significantly lower levels of genetic diversity (A ¼ 16.5 ± 0.45, mean±95% s.e.; H e ¼ 0.838±0.006) than did adult trees (A ¼ 23.2±0.81; H e ¼ 0.893±0.030). Parentage analysis did not indicate any seed immigration (m seeds ¼ 0) and the pollen immigration rate was very low (m pollen ¼ 0.047). The average distance of realized pollen dispersal within the stand was 94 m, with 81% of the pollen travelling o150 m. A significant negative correlation was found between the frequency and distance of pollen dispersal (r ¼ À0.79, Po0.01), indicating that short-distance pollinations were more frequent. A significant SGS for both adults (B50 m) and seedlings (B20 m) was also found, indicating that most of the seeds were dispersed over short distances. The results suggested that the spatial isolation of populations by habitat fragmentation can restrict seed and pollen gene flow, increase SGS and affect the genetic diversity of future generations.

O presente trabalho objetivou analisar as alterações das propriedades físicas de um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, sob diferentes culturas e sua capacidade de recuperação. No ano de 1996, foram coletadas amostras de solos sob vegetação de milho, pinus, eucalipto, pastagem e mata ciliar, após 10 anos de cultivo, e cerrado (condição natural), em três profundidades (0,00-0,10; 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m), em áreas pertencentes à Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - UNESP, localizada no município de Selvíria, MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 18 tratamentos e 10 repetições. Nos diferentes tratamentos, determinaram-se macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, densidade do solo, análise granulométrica e resistência à penetração. Com base nos resultados, concluiu-se que ocorreram alterações nas propriedades físicas do solo, quando se compararam os diferentes usos com a condição natural; as áreas com mata ciliar e pinus foram as que mais se aproximaram das condições naturais, apresentando, porém, compactação na camada superficial; as áreas apresentaram maior alteração na profundidade de 0,00-0,10 m, com exceção da área com culturas anuais.

Throughout the world, large trees are increasingly rare. Cariniana legalis is the tallest tree species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, reaching up to 60 m in height. Due to extensive deforestation of the Atlantic Forest, remnant C. legalis populations are small and spatially isolated, requiring the development of strategies for their conservation. For in situ and ex situ genetic conservation to be effective, it is important to understand the levels and patterns of spatial genetic structure (SGS), and gene flow. We investigated SGS and pollen flow in three small, physically isolated C. legalis stands using microsatellite loci. We measured, mapped, and sampled all C. legalis trees in the three stands: 65 trees from Ibicatu population, 22 trees from MGI, and 4 trees from MGII. We also collected and genotyped 600 seeds from Ibicatu, 250 seeds from MGI, and 200 seeds from MGII. Significant SGS was detected in Ibicatu up to 150 m, but substantial levels of external pollen flow were also detected in Ibicatu (8%), although not in MGI (0.4%) or MGII (0%). Selfing was highest in MGII (18%), the smallest group of trees, compared to MGI (6.4%) and Ibicatu (6%). In MGI and MGII, there was a strong pattern of mating among near‐neighbors. Seed collection strategies for breeding, in situ and ex situ conservation and ecological restoration, must ensure collection from seed trees located at distances greater than 350 m and from several forest fragments.

This study examines the levels of gene flow, the distance and the patterns of pollen and seed dispersal, the intra-population spatial genetic structure (SGS) and the effective population size of a spatially isolated Myracrodruon urundeuva population using five microsatellite loci. The study was carried out in the Paulo de Faria Ecological Station, São Paulo State, Brazil and included the sampling and mapping of 467 adult-trees and 149 juveniles. Open-pollinated seeds (514) from 29 seed-trees were also sampled and genotyped. Significant SGS was detected in both adult (S p = 0.0269) and juveniles trees (S p = 0.0246), indicating short-distance seed dispersal. Using maternity analysis, all juveniles had the mother-tree assigned within the stand. A father-tree within the stand was also assigned for 97.3% of the juveniles and 98.4% of offspring. The average pollen dispersal distance measured in juvenilesd ¼ 138 AE 169 m; mean AE SD and offspringd ¼ 252 AE 204 m were higher than the average seed dispersal distance measured in juvenileŝ d ¼ 124 AE 150 m . About 70% of the pollen from juveniles and 51% from offspring traveled less than 200 m and, 72% of the seeds traveled less than 50 m. The effective population size of the studied sample indicates that the 467 adult-trees and 145 juveniles correspond respectively to 335 and 63 individuals that are neither inbred nor relatives.The results are discussed in relation to their impact on seed collection practices and genetic conservation.