West Nile virus (WNV) is a widely distributed mosquito-borne flavivirus. WNV strains are classified into several genetic lineages on the basis of phylogenetic differences. Whereas lineage 1 viruses are distributed worldwide, lineage 2 WNV was first detected outside of Africa in Hungary in 2004. Since then, WNV-associated disease and mortality in animal and human hosts have been documented periodically in Hungary. After the first detection of WNV from a pool of Culex pipiens mosquitoes in 2010, samples were collated from several sources and tested in a 2-year monitoring program. Collection areas were located in the Southern Transdanubium, in northeastern Hungary, in eastern Hungary, and in southeastern Hungary. During the 2 years, 23,193 mosquitoes in 645 pools were screened for WNV virus presence with RT-PCR. Three pools were found positive for WNV in 2011 (one pool of Ochlerotatus annulipes collected in Fényeslitke in June, one pool of Coquillettidia richiardii collected in Debrecen, Fancsika-tó, in July, and one pool of Cx. pipiens captured near Red-Footed Falcon colonies at Kardoskút in September). The minimal infection rate (MIR=proportion of infected mosquitoes per 1000 mosquitoes) of all mosquito pools was 0.25, whereas the MIR of infected species was 2.03 for O. annulipes, 0.63 for C. richiardii, and 2.70 for C.x pipiens. Molecular data have demonstrated that the same lineage 2 WNV strain has circulated in wild birds, horses, humans, and mosquitoes in Hungary since 2004. Mosquito-based surveillance successfully complemented the ongoing, long-term passive surveillance system and it was useful for the early detection of WNV circulation.
The complexity of information flow and cooperation among enterprises operating in a supply chain is growing. This process has a significant impact on the economy and the objective is that both traditional and new ICT (Information and Communication Technology) solutions meet the pressing needs for more efficient business processes. The current paper focuses on enterprises belonging to the food supply chain and analyses some indicators supporting the information flow within the company and with partners (being either a partner enterprise or the final consumer). Our Institute has prepared a survey to examine the ICT usage and attitude by enterprises operating in the agri-food sector. The importance of business processes supportable by ICT had to be assessed by companies. In this study we evaluated the importance of some ICT indicators supporting information flow in the chain. The main objective of the current article is to determine the difference between food enterprises divided by different grouping factors regarding their evaluation of the chosen indicators. In our opinion, competitive advantage may be reached using ICT solutions for widening and maintaining relations through a more effective information flow with partners and consumers.
Összefoglaló:A kétéltűek (Amphibia) globálisan az egyik legveszélyeztetettebb élőlénycsoport, ezért elterjedésük ismerete alapvetően fontos, különösen olyan védett területeken, ahonnan kevés a korábbi információ és aktív beavatkozások zajlanak. Jelen munkánkban összesítjük az Egyekpusztakócsi mocsarak területén több korábbi vizsgálatban végzett felméréseink faunisztikai eredményeit, melyeket ötféle mintavételi módszerrel gyűjtöttünk 15 darab 2,5x2,5 kilométeres UTM cellában. Összesen 11 kétéltűfaj (pettyes gőte, dunai tarajosgőte, vöröshasú unka, barna ásóbéka, barna varangy, zöld varangy, zöld levelibéka, mocsári béka, kis tavibéka, nagy tavibéka, kecskebéka) 14 362 egyedét figyeltük meg. A hat legjobban felmért UTM négyzet között nem volt jelentős eltérés a diverzitás tekintetében. Két 10x10 kilométeres UTM négyzet (DT86 és 96) esetében öt és hét faj jelenlétével bővültek ismereteink. Nagy állományokkal volt jelen két Natura 2000-es jelölőfaj, a vöröshasú unka és a dunai tarajosgőte. Eredményeink szerint a mocsárrendszer a tájrehabilitációs beavatkozásoknak köszönhetően értékes és diverz kétéltűfaunának szolgál otthonául, ezért megfelelő kezelése és védelme kiemelt fontossággal bír.
ábra. A vizsgálati terület (Egyek-pusztakócsi mocsárrendszer) kiterjedése, a nagyobb mocsarak elhelyezkedése és a terület 2,5x2,5 kilométeres UTM négyzetekkel való lefedettsége.
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