New
experimental thermal conductivity, density, viscosity, glass
transition temperature, and heat capacity values were measured for
nine ionic liquids (ILs): [emim][TFA], [emim][OTf], [emim][DEP], [emim][MeSO3], [emim][SCN], [hmim][Tf2N], [bDMApy][Tf2N], [hDMApy][Tf2N], and [hmDMApy][Tf2N]. Classical
molecular mechanics force fields were developed and used to calculate
thermodynamic and transport properties for these ILs using molecular
dynamics. Two versions of each force field were developed: one with
integer charges of ± 1 and one with all charges scaled by 0.8.
The force fields with total charges of ± 0.8 generally gave better
agreement with experimental results. Very good agreement was obtained
for density and heat capacity. Simulated values for thermal conductivity
slightly overpredicted experimental results but captured trends between
different ILs very well. Experimental Prandtl numbers were determined
as a function of temperature and can exceed 10 000 at low temperature.
Prandtl numbers on the order of 100–1000 were observed above
330 K. These values suggest that heat transfer with ionic liquids
will be dominated by convective effects.
This is an overview of current research in origami applied to mechanical engineering. Fundamental concepts and definitions commonly used in origami are introduced, including a background on key mathematical origami findings. An outline of applications in mechanical engineering is presented. The foundation of an origami-based design procedure and software that is currently available to aid in design are also described. The goal of this review is to introduce the subject to mechanical engineers who may not be familiar with it, and encourage future origami-based design and applications.
Reynolds ridge which will provide even more insight into the unique nature of this flow. But so far it has been determined that it is the boundary condition of the surface tension gradient at the free surface in the vicinity of a Reynolds ridge which causes the flow to dynamically conform, with a rapid deceleration over a small region, resulting in a large vorticity flux at the free surface. References
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