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We report on the hole transport behavior in amorphous-crystalline-mixed and amorphous pentacene thin-film transistors. Five organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) were fabricated by evaporating the pentacene films at rates of 1, 3, 5, and 7 Å/s at 25 °C (RT), and 7 Å/s at 60 °C. The field-effect mobility increased with the deposition rate even though the crystalline quality of the pentacene film degraded from an amorphous-crystalline-mixed phase to an amorphous phase. With our optimum deposition rate of 5 Å/s at RT, we obtained a saturation current (ID-SAT) of about 4 μA at a gate bias of −40 V, the field-effect mobility of 0.1 cm2/V s, and the on/off current ratio of 105. For the OTFT prepared with a deposition rate of 7 Å/s at 60 °C, an amorphous pentacene channel layer with a high mobility of ∼0.3 cm2/V s and the on/off current ratio of 104 were observed.

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The smart city is recognized as a new city model for inclusive urban planning. Many local governments are making smart city plans to develop new policies that manage urban issues in South Korea. They identify issues through citizen surveys and decide which issues should be managed with priority. Some governments test developed policies based on citizen engagement. Most local governments use the living labs to encourage citizen engagement in smart city plans since these are public spaces where planners engage citizens to develop innovative and inclusive ideas. This study conducted a content analysis of smart city plans of local government. We analyzed the various approaches to the living lab and examined the stage of the planning process it is utilized in. Additionally, we identified the barrier to the living lab by interviewing people who participated in the smart city plan. According to the analysis, a barrier to citizen engagement exists in smart city plans; most citizen engagement is only used when planners develop ideas for setting visions and goals. It implies that citizen engagement occurs at a limited level in smart city plans and may cause planning to be less inclusive. We suggest that citizen engagement should be considered in the whole planning process to improve the inclusiveness of smart city plans and encourage sustainable citizen engagement.