The incidence of occupational injuries and diseases associated with industrialization has declined markedly following developments in science and technology, such as engineering controls, protective equipment, safer machinery and processes, and greater adherence to regulations and labor inspections. Although the introduction of health and safety management systems has further decreased the incidence of occupational injuries and diseases, these systems are not effective unless accompanied by a positive safety culture in the workplace. The characteristics of work in the 21st century have given rise to new issues related to workers' health, such as new types of work-related disorders, noncommunicable diseases, and inequality in the availability of occupational health services. Overcoming these new and emerging issues requires a culture of prevention at the national level. The present paper addresses: (1) how to change safety cultures in both theory and practice at the level of the workplace; and (2) the role of prevention culture at the national level.

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The T cell-specific tyrosine kinase, p56 lck , plays crucial roles in T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T cell activation. Here, we report that SOCS-6 (suppressor of cytokine signaling-6) is a negative regulator of p56 lck . SOCS-6 was identified as a protein binding to the kinase domain of p56 lck through yeast two-hybrid screening. SOCS-6 bound specifically to p56 lck (F505), which mimics the active form of p56 lck , but not to wild type p56 lck . In Jurkat T cells, SOCS-6 binding to p56 lck was detected 1-2 h after TCR stimulation. Confocal microscopy showed that upon APC-T cell conjugation, SOCS-6 was recruited to the immunological synapse and colocalized with the active form of p56 lck . SOCS-6 promoted p56lck ubiquitination and its subsequent targeting to the proteasome. Moreover, SOCS-6 overexpression led to repression of TCR-dependent interleukin-2 promoter activity. These results establish that SOCS-6 acts as a negative regulator of T cell activation by promoting ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis.The T lymphocyte-specific member of the Src-type tyrosine kinase family, p56 lck , plays essential roles in development, antigen-induced T cell activation, and proliferation (1-3). During TCR 4 -mediated T cell activation, p56 lck is activated and transmits a positive signal by interacting with CD4/CD8 (4, 5). Upon engagement of the antigen-major histocompatibility complex with TCR-CD4-CD8 complexes, p56 lck phosphorylates the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs of the CD3 -chain and provides the binding site for ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase (6). Subsequent ZAP-70 activation leads to phosphorylation of signaling proteins, including LAT, and amplification of TCR-mediated signaling (7,8). In this process, p56 lck migrates to T cell-APC contact regions known as immunological synapses (IS) and thereby enhances TCR signaling (9, 10). Given the importance of p56 lck function in T cell activation, establishing how p56 lck activity is regulated is essential to understand that activation.The structure of p56 lck is similar to that of other Src family kinases and exhibits the following common domains: N-terminal attachment sites for saturated fatty acid addition, a unique region; an Src homology 3 (SH3) domain; an SH2 domain; a tyrosine kinase domain (SH1); and a C-terminal negative regulatory site, tyrosine 505 (Tyr-505) (11). p56 lck kinase activity is regulated by intramolecular interactions through its regulatory domains and/or phosphorylation (11). For example, phosphorylation of Tyr-394 in the activation loop of the kinase domain increases enzymatic activity, whereas phosphorylation of Tyr-505 renders the enzyme less active. Phosphorylated Tyr-505 interacts with its own SH2 domain, promoting a closed conformation and maintaining the kinase in an inactive state (12). Phenylalanine substitution of the regulatory tyrosine residue (Y505F) results in a constitutively active form of the protein.The status of the regulatory tyrosine is maintained both by a kinase, Csk, which phosphorylates it (13), and by a transmembrane...

Activation of the upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and triceps brachii muscles was measured, while center of pressure excursion beneath the hands was simultaneously monitored, during the performance of a push-up exercise on both a stable and an unstable base of support. The activation levels of all muscles were significantly greater for the unstable support surface when compared to those for a stable support surface (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was found between activation of the serriatus anterior muscle and center of pressure excursion (r = -0.64, p < 0.05). Performance of the push-up exercise on an unstable support surface appears to elicit greater muscle activation than a standard push-up exercise performed on a stable support surface.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), so-called ‘drones’, have been widely used to monitor wild animals. Here, we tested a UAV with red, green, and blue (RGB) and thermal cameras to detect free-living birds in a high Arctic region in North Greenland and in a restricted area in the Republic of Korea. Small flocks of molting pink-footed geese ( Anser brachyrhynchus ) near sea ice and incubating common ringed plovers ( Charadrius hiaticula ) in the Arctic environment were chosen for the RGB and thermal image studies. From the acquired images, we built mosaicked RGB images and coregistered thermal images, and estimated the animal shapes. Our results showed that geese were discriminated in both RGB and thermal images with water and sea ice backgrounds. Incubating plover bodies were not distinguished in RGB images due to their cryptic coloration, but they were detected in thermal images with cold background areas in the Arctic environment. We further conducted a blind survey in a restricted area under military control in Korea near the breeding sites of black-faced spoonbill ( Platalea minor ), which is an endangered species. From UAV flights with RGB and thermal cameras operated out of the restricted area, we acquired images of white objects in the mudflats and verified that the objects were resting spoonbills by watching the birds. We suggest that thermal cameras and UAVs can be applied to monitor animals in extreme environments and in restricted areas and help researchers find cryptic wader nests.