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The chapter explores government and military language testing with its purposes, perspectives, and challenges. It focuses on the US context, but includes information about government and military language testing elsewhere as well. The chapter includes a history of government and military language testing, its context and purposes, and explores different types of testing, including aptitude, proficiency, and performance testing, with particular attention paid to the Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) and Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Challenges for government language testing are discussed, and the chapter concludes with a section on intergovernmental cooperation.

has research interests in educational technology and management. Altinay is a lecturer at Near East University, a member of an information technology platform for disabled people, a consultant to the Ministry of Education, and a member of the Turkey Informatics Association. Altinay is a board member of Distance Education Center and has published her work in leading books and journals in the field.