The maintenance of heavy haul railway lines causes considerable cost and in many cases difficulties to rail traffic. Railway infrastructure management in Finland is important because in many locations the same railway lines are used by both freight and passenger trains. Along with the mixed traffic, the cold climate presents challenges in keeping the track in good condition. There is a great demand for economical and non-destructive methods that provide continuous condition information of track structure. In recent years, the ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology for structure inspection has improved to faster systems and better data quality.This article presents the main results from a research programme that was aimed to identify different GPR-based railway ballast degradation classes and to develop a preventative maintenance planning system. An extensive reference sampling and laboratory analysis has been performed to aid in developing the GPR-based classification method for qualifying the ballast fouling. Classification is made by a fouling index, which is calculated from the frequency contents of the GPR signal. This quality classification can be utilized in the planning of undercutting programmes.

A railway turnout is an essential infrastructure for managing railway traffic flexibility. In contrast, it imposes restrictions on train operations such as lower operational speeds through the turnout due to the complex movements of trains over the turnout. This results in the large-amplitude dynamic responses of the train-turnout interaction. Previous studies have focused on the train-turnout interactions entailing the wheel-rail contact forces and stresses. Very few of the studies considered the effects of the contact forces on the turnout structure and its components such as sleepers and bearers. Those previous studies neglected the dynamic forces and estimated the behavior of train-turnout interactions based on quasi-static calculations. In reality, turnouts are subjected to high impact forces, which can be higher than the permissible track forces. Consequently, a numerical model capable of determining impact forces was developed here, to evaluate the dynamic behaviors of a railway turnout and their effects on such turnout components as bearers, ballast, and so on. The model consists of a structured beam grillage laying on an elastic foundation with rigid wheelsets and a bogie. The model was verified by field measurements. The new insight stemmed from this study shows that neglecting the contribution of dynamic forces can result in the unsafe underestimation of train turnout behaviors.

Transition zones in railway tracks are the locations with considerable changes in vertical support structures, e.g., near bridges. Due to possible water flow constrictions in transition zone structures, there is frequently an increased moisture level in the ballast/subballast layers, which is a potential source of track degradation. This paper presents results of the moisture condition measured in three transition zones using ground penetrating radar, where the ballast/subballast are analyzed. The relationship between the moisture condition and track degradation in the transition zones is studied by comparing it to the longitudinal track level that is measured by the track inspection coaches. A strong connection is found between the high moisture condition and track degradation in the transition zones. The dynamic behavior of the transition zones with high moisture condition is analyzed using the Finite Element method. Differential stiffness and settlement are taken into consideration in the transition zone model, which is also coupled with a vehicle. The ballast/subballast layers are modelled as solid elements. Increased moisture conditions are considered as a reduction of elastic modulus, according to laboratory findings. Results show that high moisture leads to an increase of dynamic wheel loads in the transition zone, which explains the connection and confirms that the high moisture condition is a source of transition zone problems.

In Finland, the railway is a vital transportation system. A large quantity of raw materials, goods and passengers are transported on mixed traffic tracks. Due to freeze-thaw cycles, differential frost heave can affect the track performance and results in speed restrictions. The maintenance of winter-related problems on heavy haul railway lines is expensive and causes difficulties for the flow of rail traffic. In order to make maintenance cost-effective and sustainable it is essential to identify the problem areas and determine their causes. During the last decade the ground penetrating radar (GPR) technique has proven to be an effective and non-destructive method to measure railway structures and various material properties. This paper presents and discusses the key results obtained in a research project that studied the potential of the GPR method to locate track sections on Finnish railways experiencing frost problems and produce input data for preventative maintenance planning for areas at risk of developing differential frost heave. The GPR data, digital video and GPS coordinates, collected from the railway sections were combined with reference data and railway databases using the Railway Doctor software. This integrated data was then interpreted and analysed using multiple parameters specifically selected for the purpose of identifying the frost-susceptible sub-ballast structures and subgrade soils and defining the root cause of frost problems using the GPR frequency analysis techniques.

Track settlement is a common problem observed in ballasted railway tracks. The ballast bed and the material layers underneath it, deform under repeated trainloads and create uneven support conditions along the track. In some cases, the ballast settlement could be detrimental and the sleepers lose contact with the ballast bed partially or completely, resulting in higher contact forces and load distributions over the supported sleepers. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the phenomenon for normal tracks. Nevertheless, railway turnouts are somehow neglected. As a consequence, this study focuses on the relation between unsupported sleepers/bearers (particular name for turnouts) and a railway turnout system to develop the understanding of the response of turnout system under dynamic loadings. A 3D Finite Element Method (FEM) model is inherited from previous study and adopted to reflect the cases with unsupported bearer configurations. It is noteworthy that inherited model is capable of reflecting the impact forces, which is an inherent and fundamental characteristic of a railway turnout. Model verification is done with the parent model that was verified by field measurements. Three different support conditions (i.e., one, two, three unsupported bearers), five different velocities and six different positions of unsupported bearers are simulated. The results show that the performance of ‘fibre-reinforced foamed urethane’ (FFU) bearers are promising and more, unsupported bearers carry significant loads at particular locations, which is contrary to the sleepers on normal track that are subjected to insignificant loads.