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The fuel efficiency of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) highly relies on the engine efficiency. This paper proposes a particular powertrain configuration on a small hybrid electric racing car where the engine is only allowed to operate with peak efficiency. An online binary controller, accordingly, is developed based on dynamic programming (DP) to control the engine on/off status and the torques from the electric motors (EMs) to ensure the HEV can successfully complete the drive mission with minimal fuel consumption. For comparison, the paper also develops an optimal powertrain controller of the same HEV with the normal usage of the engine, i.e., the engine operates at any feasible point of the 2D fuel efficiency map. The simulation results show that this binary controller can improve roughly 13% on fuel efficiency compared with the general engine case.

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This article describes the conductive inroad charging system as developed in the eRoadArlanda project, a pilot project for the development of inroad charging system for both heavy and light vehicles intended for application in motorways. The results of an analysis of measurements collected during the integration tests of this system are presented and discussed. The results focus on the end-to-end efficiency of the inroad charging system and aim to provide researchers in the field with a reference for this technology and configuration for use in the future development of such infrastructure. The analysis of the measurement data addresses losses in the low-voltage side of the AC conductive charging system as well as the vehicle-mounted isolated rectifier/converter connected to the vehicle DC system. An exploratory analysis of data collected over a 6-month testing period in varying weather conditions is used to provide insight into factors affecting the overall efficiency of the system. A discussion of the results includes the effects of cable dimensioning, rectifier performance and placement, and the use of salt for deicing.