Effective teaching in multicultural settings requires the awareness and ability to adapt to diverse needs and viewpoints. Teachers' multicultural efficacy may be gained from coursework or interactions within diverse communities. In this study the authors determined preservice teachers' multicultural efficacy using the Multicultural Efficacy Scale (MES) and its relationship to education and personal characteristics. Study results revealed average levels of multicultural attitudes and efficacy and no relationship to coursework and personal characteristics. The authors did find a significant relationship to political worldviews. Results suggest that other variables may be making personal characteristics less influential on views of diversity.

Objective: To introduce the characteristics of a Chance fracture and increase awareness of the mechanism of injury that may occur during athletic activity.Background: A T12 Chance fracture was diagnosed in an 18-year-old male rodeo athlete. The rider was forced into extreme lumbothoracic hyperflexion when the horse bucked within the chute, pinning the rider's legs to his chest.Differential Diagnosis: Burst fracture, abdominal organ rupture, spinal dislocation, spinal cord injury, disk herniation, pars interarticularis fracture, spinal nerve injury, paralysis.Treatment: The patient underwent an open reduction and fixation of the thoracic fracture. Posterior stabilization was obtained with nonsegmental instrumentation. Allograft and autografts were used for posterolateral arthrodesis at T11-T12 and T12-L1.Uniqueness: Motor vehicle crashes with occupants wearing lap-type-only restraints account for nearly all previously reported Chance fractures. When only lap seatbelts are worn, the pelvis is stabilized, and the torso continues moving forward with impact. The stabilized body segment for this individual was reversed. Nearly 3 years after the initial surgery, fixation, and infection, the bareback rider has returned to full participation in rodeo.Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first reported diagnosis of a T12 Chance fracture in a rodeo athlete. When animals buck, athletes can be forced into hyperflexion, exposing them to Chance fractures. Therefore, anyone treating rodeo athletes must suspect possible spinal fracture when this mechanism is present and must treat all athletes with early conservative management and hospital referral.

In this article, we describe a type of research known as intervention research. With evidence‐based practice becoming the industry standard across the mental health profession, the need for counselors to engage in intervention research is greater now than ever before. Intervention research not only leads to improved client care but also supports accountability and enhances advocacy efforts by providing the evidence needed to influence stakeholders and drive change. With proper training, both counseling researchers and practitioners can engage in intervention research that advances the profession by assessing the efficacy and effectiveness of specific counseling interventions. This article serves as a primer to inform future researchers.

context: The vast majority of athletic trainers administer preseason computerized inventories to document the presence of baseline symptoms; however, immediately following a concussion, athletic trainers frequently assess an athlete verbally or using a paper-based concussion symptom scale. The verbal or paper-based results are then compared with the preseason computer results. Little research is available regarding whether the methodology in which these symptoms are collected has an impact on the report given by the athlete. objective: To determine if baseline self-reported concussion symptom scores varied among collection methods. Design: Crossover study design. Setting: University research laboratory. participants: Fifty-two healthy subjects (36 males, 16 females; age 20.27 ± 1.36 years; mass 72.68 ± 14.88 kg; height 175.05 ± 8.50 cm). interventions: All subjects completed, as part of routine preseason baseline testing, the postconcussion scale revised symptom inventory scale in three ways: (1) using a computer, (2) verbally, and (3) on paper. Main outcome Measures: Descriptive statistics were calculated. One-way ANOVAs were conducted to determine the difference in overall symptom score between the inventory methods and sexes as well. Alpha level was set a priori at .05. results: Overall, participants reported a significantly higher number of symptoms on computer-based symptom inventories compared with either verbal-(t 51 = 3.014, P = .004, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.668 to 3.32) or paper-based inventories (t 51 = 3.004, P = .004, 95% CI 0.765 to 3.850). No significant differences were found between verbal-and paper-based inventories (t 51 = 1.129, P = .264, 95% CI -0.240 to 0.855). conclusions: Computer-based symptom inventories were significantly different than verbal-or paper-based symptom inventories. Participants may report a higher number of symptoms at baseline when reporting electronically compared with verbal-or paper-based reporting methods. The method in which symptom inventory is obtained may alter the postconcussion diagnosis and warrants further investigation. Key Words: mild traumatic brain injury, self-report, patient-reported outcomes Key PointsAthletes commonly report concussion symptoms during preseason evaluations.The number of concussion symptoms reported varies by mode of collection.Males and females report different numbers of concussion symptoms depending on reporting method.

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