STUDY QUESTION Is there an effect of male factor infertility (MFI) on either early or late morphokinetic parameters obtained during embryonic culture to blastocyst stage in a time-lapse imaging (TLI) incubator? SUMMARY ANSWER Neither mild nor severe MFI had an impact on overall time to blastocyst or duration of individual cleavage stages in the total embryo population. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Prior studies have suggested that paternal DNA and sperm quality affect embryo morphokinetic parameters, but the impact of MFI is not fully understood. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This retrospective cohort study, at a major academic fertility centre, included 536 couples (women, ≤44 years of age) undergoing IVF between September 2013 and September 2016. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Data from 4126 embryos cultured to the blastocyst stage in a TLI-monitored incubator were retrospectively reviewed. Embryos derived from the sperm of men with MFI were compared with those derived from patients with other infertility diagnoses. Generalized fixed and random effects models, t-test and χ2 were used as appropriate. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Couples with MFI had a higher rate of ICSI utilization and fewer usable embryos on average, and the men were older compared with couples with other diagnoses. Additionally, the women in MFI couples were younger and had higher antral follicle counts (AFCs) and higher anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels compared with the other women undergoing IVF. When controlling for maternal and paternal ages, AMH and fertilization method (conventional IVF versus ICSI), neither mild nor severe MFI affected duration of individual cleavage stages or overall time to the blastocyst stage, when all or only usable embryos were examined (coefficient 0.44 hours in all embryos, P = 0.57; coefficient 0.39 hours in usable embryos, P = 0.60). Whether the sperm was surgically extracted similarly had no significant effect on embryo morphokinetic parameters. When the fertilization method was assessed independently, ICSI lengthened the overall time to blastocyst stage by 1.66 hours (P = 0.03) on average, primarily due to an increase in duration of the time from 5-cell embryo stage to early blastulation (P5SB). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This large cohort study avoided embryo selection bias due to random assignment of embryos to the TLI incubators. However, our findings may not be generalizable to groups under-represented in our clinic population. Future studies should also evaluate the impact of male hormonal status and detailed sperm morphology, such as head versus flagellum defects, on embryo morphokinetic development. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our findings suggest that the fertilization method rather than MFI per se impacts time to early blastulation. The clinical implications of this effect on embryo development warrant further investigation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) There were no sources of funding for this study. There are no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the supporting structures of the teeth that affects approximately half of adults 30 years and older. There is increasing interest in the direct and indirect relationships between periodontitis and systemic diseases, including respiratory diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the evidence on links among periodontitis, pneumonia, and COVID-19. Oral and periodontal bacteria may be linked to respiratory disease directly by aspiration of pathogens into the lungs causing pneumonia. As SARS-CoV-2 began to spread worldwide in 2020, questions have arisen of how periodontal disease may also be connected to SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity, including potential replication and dissemination of the virus from periodontal pockets. Some proposed mechanisms include the oral cavity acting as a reservoir or point of entry for SARS-CoV-2, overgrowth of periodontal pathogens, and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. Due to potential links between periodontal disease and respiratory infections like pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2, oral hygiene and management of periodontitis remain essential to help reduce infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

significantly increasing the laboratory workload. Further investigation of ploidy status from Day 7 embryos may explain the lower implantation rate.References: 1. Su, Yu, et al. Aneuploidy analysis in day 7 human blastocysts produced by in vitro fertilization. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 14.1 (2016): 20. 2. Li, M., et al. Day 7 blastocysts, should they be discarded or cryopreserved?. Fertility and Sterility 90 (2008): S427.