No abstract

No abstract

Abstract. We monitor the position of an intruder penetrating a two-dimensional mono-disperse granular assembly near the jamming state. We employ the Fluctuation Theorem (FT) to characterize the fluctuation in the intruder position. The FT takes the form:where Δx τ is the displacement of the intruder after a time interval τ, Π(Δx τ ) is the probability distribution of Δx τ , and F τ is a functional. Our results showed that FT was obeyed for all the intruder driving speeds used in our study and that F τ converges to F at long time scale. Furthermore, a linear dependence of F with the driving speed was measured in agreement to previous experiments.