Patients with severe short-bowel syndrome (SBS) often require long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to maintain their nutritional status because of limited intestinal adaptation. Growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), are under investigation to promote intestinal adaptation and tolerance to oral feeding. We investigated structural and functional adaptation of the jejunum and colon in four groups of rats maintained with TPN for 7 days after a 60% jejunoileal resection and cecectomy or sham surgery and treatment with IGF-I or vehicle. Resection alone did not stimulate jejunal growth. IGF-I significantly increased jejunal mucosal mass, enterocyte proliferation, and migration rates. IGF-I decreased jejunal sucrase specific activity and reduced active ion transport and ionic permeability; resection alone had no effect. In contrast, resection significantly increased colonic mass and crypt depth but had no effect on active ion transport or ionic permeability. IGF-I had minimal effects on colonic structure. IGF-I but not resection stimulates jejunal adaptation, whereas resection but not IGF-I stimulates colonic growth in rats subjected to a model for human SBS. IGF-I treatment may improve intestinal adaptation in humans with SBS.

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T his article is based on a program that was developed by the Center for Healthy Communities (CHC), a communityÈacademic partnership in Dayton, Ohio, that continues to act as a force for change in health professionsÏ education and health delivery, stressing the philosophy of ""doing withÏÏ instead of ""doing forÏÏ or ""doing to.ÏÏ T he Health Action Fund is a grassroots health communications and social marketing program that targets community groups who are involved often in health promotion activities developed by large agencies. However, rather than taking the traditional approach to health promotion and prevention where program development and implementation is left to professionals, a di †erent approac h was taken that encourages members of neighborhood s, a community group, or a church to identify a problem and then develop a way to address that problem for their group. T he program focuses on neighbors helping neighbors where communities take the lead in health promotion and prevention activities.W e discuss in detail the projectÏs innovation, challenges and how they have been addressed, qualitative and quantitative improvements made to the program, and how the program serves as a model for other communities.

observation of the turbulent emf and transport of magnetic field in a liquid sodium experiment.ABSTRACT For the first time, we have directly measured the transport of a vector magnetic field by isotropic turbulence in a high Reynolds number liquid metal flow. In analogy with direct measurements of the turbulent Reynolds stress (turbulent viscosity) that governs momentum transport, we have measured the turbulent electromotive force (emf) by simultaneously measuring three components of velocity and magnetic fields, and computed the correlations that lead to mean-field current generation. Furthermore, we show that this turbulent emf tends to oppose and cancel out the local current, acting to increase the effective resistivity of the medium, i.e., it acts as an enhanced magnetic diffusivity. This has important implications for turbulent transport in astrophysical objects, particularly in dynamos and accretion disks.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. INTRODUCTIONN many Latin American countries during the 1980s, domestic elites joined with international development institutions to advocate structural adjustment policies as the solution to the region's "lost decade." Proponents of such policies sought economic rejuvenation based on export-led growth (ELG) strategies. The new ELG programs were to replace importsubstituting industrialization (ISI) schemes and complement traditional primary commodity exports with new agricultural and industrial exports (nontraditionals). It was hoped that these Latin American nations would replicate the spectacular growth patterns of the East Asian "dragons" by exploiting comparative advantages to build nontraditional export industries.Whereas ELG strategies have proven to be sustainable over the long-term in East Asia,1 research on the evolution of such policies in Latin America is only beginning. The problem of sustainability bedevils all ELG programs, particularly in those countries which relied on external actors to design the ) is an outstanding example of this phenomenon. The US-AID regarded its export promotion effort in Costa Rica, in particular, as a model for similar programs in other countries.2 Nevertheless, the United States rapidly phased out foreign aid in the early 1990s, leaving observers to wonder how well-rooted the program was in Costa Rica.This article does double duty: (1) it identifies the variables most important in determining the evolution of ELG strategies in the current decade, and (2) it asks what the withdrawal of external assistance means for programs like the one in Costa Rica. To estimate the sustainability of any country's nontraditional export program, it is necessary to examine its political backing, macroeconomic and sectoral policies, institutional support, the impact of international trade agreements, and the outlook for the leading export industries themselves. It seems reasonable to hypothesize that countries like Costa Rica will have particular difficulty finding continued political and institutional support for nontraditional export programs, as that is where international development agencies had filled in for domestic actors in the preliminary stages.What follows is a Costa Rican case study which illustrates that a combination of political and economic factors, some outside the control of an individual country, determines the survival rate of export-based development strategies. The case study also shows that, however important external assistance may have been for launchi...