Background: In the general population, it is estimated that 91% of adult males perceive their penile size to be smaller than average. Concern about penile size can affect one’s self-esteem, which then affects its sexual function, satisfaction, as well as physical and mental health. Therefore, accurate penile measurements are needed for clinical and academic purposes. Reviews: Measurement of penile size can be performed in an erect, stretched, even flaccid condition. However, from various researches, there is no standardization of such a measurement method. Various researches have carried out average penile measurement but many factors can affect these results such as race, genital conditions, systemic diseases, surgical procedures, and aging. Summary: There is no internationally agreed way of measuring an adult male's penis and many other factors can make the results of penile measurements vary. Proper measurement and finding out the right average of penile size in adult male with regard to other affecting factors, will be indispensable for both clinical and academic purposes.
Varisela merupakan eksantema vesikular yang sangat menular akibat infeksi akut primer eksogen dari virus varisela zoster pada individu yang rentan. Varisela lebih sering menyerang anak-anak dengan usia kurang dari 10 tahun. Tinjauan pustaka ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi klinis dan terapi varisela pada dewasa, kehamilan dan kondisi imunokompromais. Pada dewasa, varisela biasanya lebih berat dengan mortalitas yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan anak-anak, dimana transmisi yang terjadi melalui droplet atau aerosol dari saluran napas. Masa inkubasinya berkisar antara 10-21 hari. Gejala diawali oleh fase prodromal, kemudian terjadi erupsi kulit yang polimorfik dengan progresifitasnya yang cepat. Pemeriksaan penunjang dapat berupa pemeriksaan Tzank smear, polymerase chain reaction, kultur, dan lain-lain. Varisela pada kehamilan akan mengancam kesehatan ibu dan janin, sedangkan pada pasien imunokompromais, morbiditas dan mortalitas akibat varisela meningkat. Pneumonia varisela merupakan komplikasi varisela yang serius pada dewasa. Pengobatan menggunakan antivirus asiklovir, valasiklovir, dan famsiklovir. Pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan vaksinasi, varicella zoster immunoglobuline, dan terapi antivirus profilaksis, sehingga pengobatan yang tepat dan upaya pencegahan dengan vaksinasi pada kelompok dewasa yang rentan perlu dilakukan.
The dissatisfaction of men due to their penile size is found in a number of studies. Concerns can be focused on the penile length or width or even both, whether erect or flaccid. Men who are worried about the penile size also want to increase the size of the penis. Concerns about men’s penile size are also increasing because they think normal penile size is what is shown in pornography. These worries can affect self-esteem, sexual function, and satisfaction, to physical and mental health. Small penis anxiety is an anxiety that arises when a man observes his flaccid penile size and feels concerned that his penile size is less than the normal size. In addition, this concern persists even though it has been refuted by clinical examination. Penile dysmorphic disorder is excessive self-concern, distress, and a preoccupation with trivial or even non-existent deficiencies in penile size and shape that can lead to impaired function. Until now, there have not been effective guidelines for managing patients with complaints of penile size. Some of the treatments that can be conducted are psychosexual counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, penile traction devices, and invasive procedures. Various modalities of therapy have been tried to overcome excessive concern about penile size. Yet, so far, no good results have been obtained. Thus, clear and effective guidelines are needed to make treatment can be carried out properly.
<p>Mikrobiom adalah keseluruhan mikroorganisme, genom, dan kondisi lingkungan sekitar di dalam ekosistem tertentu, seperti kulit. Tubuh manusia menjadi tempat berbagai macam mikrobiota, yang diketahui memiliki peran penting. Bukti pertama mikrobiota traktus urogenital laki-laki berasal dari beberapa penelitian berbasis kultur pada tahun 1970an. Mikrobiota genital pada anak dan dewasa berbeda; lokasi, komposisi urin, pengaruh sirkumsisi dan aktivitas seksual juga memengaruhi keragaman. Mikrobiota genital laki-laki dapat berkaitan dengan infeksi menular seksual seperti uretritis, ulkus genital, HIV, balanitis, serta interaksi dengan mikrobiota genital perempuan dan rektum lelaki seks dengan lelaki.</p><p>Microbiome is a whole community that consists of microorganisms, genomes, and surrounding environmental conditions inside certain ecosystems, such as human skin. Human body is a habitat to a variety of important microbiota. The first evidence of male urogenital tract microbiota came from several culture-based studies in the 1970s. Genital microbiota in children and adults is different; location, urine composition, the effect of circumcision and sexual activity also cause a diversity of microbiota. Male genital microbiota is also associated with sexually transmitted infections such as urethritis, genital ulcers, HIV, balanitis, and interactions with female genital microbiota and rectum of men who have sex with men.</p><p> </p>
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) merupakan infeksi yang disebabkan oleh virus HIV yang merupakan agen penyebab dari acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Penggunaan antiretroviral (ARV) yang efektif meningkatkan angka harapan hidup pada pasien HIV, dimana komorbiditas non-AIDS pada pasien HIV juga akan meningkat. Beberapa jenis penyakit ginjal dapat terbentuk pada pasien HIV dan merupakan penyakit yang sering menyertai. Tinjauan pustaka ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gangguan ginjal yang dapat timbul pada pasien HIV dewasa, serta pemeriksaan dan tatalaksana yang dapat dilakukan. Resiko gangguan fungsi ginjal akut maupun kronis dapat dimiliki oleh pasien HIV dan semua bagian ginjal dapat mengalami kerusakan. Gangguan fungsi ginjal juga dapat terjadi akibat penggunaan ARV. Beberapa penyakit ginjal yang dapat ditemukan adalah HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), HIV immune complex kidney disease (HIVICK), penyakit ginjal kronis (PGK), hingga end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Saat ditegakannya diagnosis HIV, inisiasi, maupun modifikasi ARV, direkomendasikan untuk melakukan skrining fungsi ginjal secara berkala. Selain tatalaksana pada gangguan ginjal yang telah terjadi, dianjurkan juga untuk mengidentifikasi, pemantauan berkala, memodifikasi, dan melakukan pengobatan pada faktor resiko yang ada.
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