This article examines the conditions under which partisan identities shape the positions people express on four political values: equal opportunity, self-reliance, moral traditionalism, and moral tolerance. The theoretical framework posits that (1) party source cues activate latent partisan biases in the minds of citizens, which in turn affect the degree to which individuals express support for these values; (2) out-party cues are more powerful motivators of value expression than in-party cues; (3) value shifts are more pronounced when liberal-conservative identities reinforce partisan sentiments; and (4) partisan cues promote horizontal constraint among these values. These hypotheses are tested using data from a set of experiments appearing on a novel national survey. The empirical results generally support these theoretical expectations. P arty identification represents the most stable and influential political predisposition in the belief systems of ordinary citizens. As Campbell and his colleagues put it many years ago, "party has a profound influence across the full range of political objects to which the individual voter responds" (1960, 128). The influence of party over short-term political objects is well established. Accumulated research demonstrates that party shapes judgments about the economy, presidential approval, candidate evaluations, voter choice, and policy preferences (Bartels 2002;Green and Palmquist 1990;Goren 2002;Layman and Carsey 2002). Does party also shape evaluations of more abstract and enduring objects such as political values? And do party cues promote constraint among political values? If the answer to each of these questions is yes, then the influence of partisanship over political judgment may be even more profound than Campbell, Converse, Miller, and Stokes imagined.This article seeks to strengthen the case for partisan influence by examining whether partisan source cues (1) lead party identifiers to modify their expressions of support for a series of political values and (2) enhance Miller, the four anonymous reviewers, and Marianne Stewart for their comments and suggestions on how to improve earlier versions of the manuscript. All remaining errors are our own. constraint between these values in mass belief systems. We make two fundamental theoretical claims. First, we identify conditions under which party cues should affect support for political values. Our theory holds that party source cues activate latent partisan biases in the minds of individuals, which in turn affect their willingness to express support for several core political values-equal opportunity, self-reliance, moral traditionalism, and moral tolerance; that out-party cues manifest stronger influence than in-party cues; and that these effects are most pronounced among ideologically congruent partisans. Second, our theory maintains that party cues augment value constraint. In this way, value structure can be seen as a partial function of partisan cue taking.We utilize data from a series of experiments embedded wit...

How do rising levels of international interconnectedness affect social, economic, and political conditions for women? Research on gender and international relations frequently offers clear propositions but seldom submits them to broad, quantitative testing+ This article begins to fill that gap+ We advance the hypothesis that, on balance and over time, increasing cross-national exchange and communication lead to improvements in women's status and equality+ Economic aspects of globalization can bring new opportunities and resources to women+ But equally important, globalization promotes the diffusion of ideas and norms of equality for women+ In an analysis of 180 countries from 1975 to 2000, employing cross-sectional-timeseries regression techniques, we examine the impact of several measures of globalization on women's levels of life expectancy, literacy, and participation in the economy and parliamentary office+ International trade, foreign direct investment, membership in the United Nations~UN! and World Bank, and ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women~CEDAW!, are associated with improved conditions for women+ How do rising levels of international interconnectedness affect the social, economic, and political conditions for women? Competing hypotheses are easy to identify+ Indeed, research on gender and international relations sometimes offers clear propositions but seldom submits them to broad, quantitative testing+ This article begins to fill that gap+ We expect to find a considerably mixed picture: some women will benefit from globalization and some will be hurt; the status of women will improve in some respects but not others+ Nevertheless, we advance the hypothesis that, on balance and over time, increasing cross-national exchange

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In the United States, research suggests that men and women candidates are covered differently by the press. However, few studies compare press coverage of candidates cross-nationally. Systematic comparison of newspaper coverage of male and female candidates during election campaigns in Australia, Canada, and the United States may help illuminate the conditions that exacerbate or dampen gender differences in candidate portrayals. Given the sharp focus on candidates in American campaigns and the relatively lower percentage of women in the Congress, we expect to find the greatest disparities in men's and women's press coverage in the United States. Our findings suggest that across these three democracies, candidates are often portrayed in terms of long-standing gender stereotypes. These gender differences have important implications for voters' perceptions of candidates and may shape widely shared attitudes toward women's role in the political arena.

Will women transform party politics? As a group of relative newcomers to parties, women may contribute to shaping parties' policy agendas and to changing party rules. A party-level perspective allows for examination of the national-and party-level contextual influences that condition the effect of women on party platforms. Systematic analysis of a broad range of 142 political parties in 24 post-industrial democracies from 1990 to 2003 illuminates the dynamic relationship between women's political power and party politics. Drawing on the Comparative Manifestos Project data and original party-level data, the multi-level analyses reveal that women's rising numbers among a party's parliamentary delegation and among its leadership committee contribute to an emphasis on social justice in the party programme, and to the adoption of gender quota policies. Furthermore, for welfare state expansion, the effect of women MPs is amplified by the presence of a women's organization within the party.