PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine contagion among the major world markets during the last 25 years and propose a new way to analyze contagion with wavelet methods.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis uses a novel way to study contagion using wavelet methods. The comparison is made between co‐movements at different time scales. Co‐movement methods of the discrete wavelet transform and the continuous wavelet transform are applied.FindingsClear signs of contagion among the major markets are found. Short time scale co‐movements increase during the major crisis while long time scale co‐movements remain approximately at the same level. In addition, gradually increasing interdependence between markets is found.Research limitations/implicationsBecause of the chosen method, the approach is limited to large data sets.Practical implicationsThe research has practical implications to portfolio managers etc. who wish to have better view of the dynamics of the international equity markets.Originality/valueThe research uses novel wavelet methods to analyze world equity markets. These methods allow the markets to be analyzed in the whole state space.

PurposeThis paper provides a structured literature review of blockchain in accounting. The authors identify current trends, analyse and critique the key topics of research and discuss the future of this nascent field of inquiry.Design/methodology/approachThis study’s analysis combined a structured literature review with citation analysis, topic modelling using a machine learning approach and a manual review of selected articles. The corpus comprised 153 academic papers from two ranked journal lists, the Association of Business Schools (ABS) and the Australian Business Deans Council (ABDC), and from the Social Science Research Network (SSRN). From this, the authors analysed and critiqued the current and future research trends in the four most predominant topics of research in blockchain for accounting.FindingsBlockchain is not yet a mainstream accounting topic, and most of the current literature is normative. The four most commonly discussed areas of blockchain include the changing role of accountants; new challenges for auditors; opportunities and challenges of blockchain technology application; and the regulation of cryptoassets. While blockchain will likely be disruptive to accounting and auditing, there will still be a need for these roles. With the sheer volume of information that blockchain records, both professions may shift out of the back-office toward higher-profile advisory roles where accountants try to align competitive intelligence with business strategy, and auditors are called on ex ante to verify transactions and even whole ecosystems.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors identify several challenges that will need to be examined in future research. Challenges include skilling up for a new paradigm, the logistical issues associated with managing and monitoring multiple parties all contributing to various public and private blockchains, and the pressing need for legal frameworks to regulate cryptoassets.Practical implicationsThe possibilities that blockchain brings to information disclosure, fraud detection and overcoming the threat of shadow dealings in developing countries all contribute to the importance of further investigation into blockchain in accounting.Originality/valueThe authors’ structured literature review uniquely identifies critical research topics for developing future research directions related to blockchain in accounting.

The main research question of the study is this: Is the firm embedded into ecology, society, and governance (ESG), or vice versa? Using the resource-based view as a theoretical lens, and stakeholder capitalism as a paradigm anchored in the Dashgupat Review, we demonstrate in a panel data over 26 years that at the firm level, the relationship between sustained competitive advantage and the ESG footprint is concave shaped, and the impact inequality multiple gaps of the ESG footprint are 4.75 times the providing capacity of the natural and business environment. To solve the common method variance, endogeneity, and unobserved heterogeneity, system GMM is used as a method in a dataset of US manufacturing firms from 1992 to 2019. At the end, we argue that extant attributes of a resource base for sustained competitive advantage have an inherent flaw anchored in the resource-based view, as they ignore the "environmental, social, and governance (ESG) friendliness" attribute of a resource. Managers need to rethink the objective of their firms if they want to survive in the new ESG-friendly economy with stakeholder supremacy.

This paper focuses on the cross-dynamics of exchange rate expectations over different time-scales. We use overthe-counter currency options on the euro, Japanese yen, and British pound vis-a`-vis the U.S. dollar to extract expected probability density functions of future exchange rates, and apply recent wavelet cross-correlation techniques to analyze linkages in these option-implied exchange rate expectations. The results show that market expectations are closely linked among the three major exchange rates. Regardless of time-scales, we find significant lead-lag relationships between the expected exchange rate probability densities. Nevertheless, our findings also indicate that the dynamic structure of exchange rate expectations may vary over different time-scales. In terms of short-run linkages in volatility expectations, the Japanese yen seems to have a leading role among the exchange rate triplet. At the longer scale, however, we also find significant feedback effects from the GBP/USD volatility expectations to the JPY/USD implied volatilities. The wavelet cross-correlations between the higher-order moments of option-implied exchange rate distributions indicate that the expectations about the JPY/USD rate are virtually unrelated to the developments of the European currencies, while the higher-order moments of the EUR/USD and GBP/USD densities appear strongly linked with each other.

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