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Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) or host defense peptides (HDPs) are vital components of human innate defense system targeting human‐related bacteria. Many bacteria have various mechanisms interfering with AMP activity, causing resistance to AMPs. Since AMPs are considered as potential novel antimicrobial drugs, understanding the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to direct killing of AMPs is of great significance. In this review, a comparative overview of bacterial strategies for resistance to direct killing of various AMPs is presented. Such strategies include bacterial cell envelope modification, AMP degradation, sequestration, expelling, and capsule.

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T he new Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease it causes (COVID-19) have had an impact on the public's health and the global economy. At this writing, this infection has involved more than 210 countries with more than 2,800,000 confirmed infected cases and nearly 200,000 deaths. The United States, Spain, Italy, France, Germany, the UK, China, and Iran have reported the highest number of confirmed cases. 1,2 In Iran, on February 19, 2020, 2 patients in Qom city were confirmed as COVID-19 positive. The disease spread rapidly in adjacent provinces, including Tehran, Markazi, Isfahan, and Semnan, and shortly thereafter in all 31 provinces of the country and most cities and towns. To date (April 12, 2020), according to the spokesman for the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, the total number of positive infected people has reached 71,686, with 4,474 deaths. 3