Abandoned mines are environmental liabilities with a high potential for contamination of rivers, soils, and entire ecosystems, which constitutes a threat to wildlife, flora, and fauna, in addition to socio-environmental, economic, and human health risks. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of contamination of 5 abandoned mines to evaluate their potential environmental and social impact. The presence and concentration of arsenic, barium, cadmium, lead, chromium, mercury, and free cyanide by mass spectrometry, and hexavalent chromium by ion chromatography. The environmental indices of geoaccumulation, contamination factor, and contamination load were used to evaluate the level of contamination for each area. The results showed high contamination with a high content of arsenic (2,046 mg Kg− 1), cadmium (650 mg Kg− 1), lead (26,131 mg Kg− 1), free cyanide (92 mg Kg− 1), mercury (26.4 mg Kg− 1) above the established maximum limits, not detecting the presence of hexavalent chromium (0.03 mg Kg− 1). In Peru, there are many abandoned mines, so it is a latent danger of an environmental disaster. Therefore, it is essential to assess heavy metal contamination together with environmental risks, to establish efficient mitigation measures.
La biodegradación de compuestos cianurados, que se presentan en efluentes de plantas de lixiviación de minerales para la recuperación del oro, es un tratamiento biológico de actualidad que está permitiendo que no se continúe contaminando ecosistemas con vertidos cianurados, asimismo, permite que los ambientes que ya están contaminados se recuperen con la aplicación de microorganismos degradadores del cianuro. En este trabajo se tuvo como objetivo evaluar a Pseudomonas fluorescens nativo como degradador del cianuro presente en lixiviados en condiciones de laboratorio, para lo cual fue aislado de un lixiviado de mineral aurífero e inoculado en tres biorreactores aireados con lixiviado cianurado de mineral aurífero que tuvieron 250 ppm de cianuro libre, y un inóculo de 1.75x10⁸ cel/ml en un primer biorreactor, 8.75x10⁷ cel/ml en un segundo y 5.4x10⁶ cel/ml en un tercer biorreactor, que se incubaron a temperatura ambiente durante 168 horas. La evaluación del cianuro libre contenida en los biorreactores, cada 24 horas mediante el método titulométrico, permitió establecer que P. fluorescens con 1.75x10⁸ cel/ml degradó 246.25 ppm (98.5 %) del total de cianuro libre; con 8.75x10⁷ cel/ml, 240 ppm (96 %); y con 5.47x10⁶ cel/ml, 237.5 ppm (95 %). Estos resultados muestran que P. fluorescens tiene un gran potencial para seguir estudiándola con el propósito de emplearla en la biorremediación de ecosistemas contaminados con lixiviados cianurados o para el tratamiento de efluentes cianurados.
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