The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of the type of gelling substance on the selected physicochemical properties of oleogels. Rapeseed oil (RO) and 5% w/w of one of the following structuring compounds (SC) were used for their production waxes: sunflower (SUN), candelilla (CAN), bees white (BW), bees yellow (BY), or monoacylglycerols (MAG). The ability of SC to form a network in RO was assessed on the basis of an analysis of the texture of oleogels (hardness and spreadability test, stability determined by the centrifugal method). Oxidative stability was determined using the Rancimat test. In addition, the microstructure of an oleogel samples was observed at a magnification of 600 times in polarized light and in a bright field. Differences in the brightness and color of the samples were also assessed using the CIELab reflection method. The highest hardness (5.52 N) and physical stability (99.67%) were found in oleogel with candelilla wax. A higher value of the force causing deformation of the sample indicates a denser network of oil gel, which was confirmed by the microscopic images analyzed in the work. The organogel with CAN had the shortest (on average 8.49 nm) and the most regularly distributed crystals compared to other samples. The lowest values of organogel strength and spreadability test parameters (e.g., firmness, work of shear, stickness, work of adhesion), which were respectively 0.73 N, 4.39 N, and 9.74 N mm, while −4.87 N and −2.68 N mm were obtained with the variant, which was yellow beeswax. Considering the texture results obtained and the centrifugal stability, it was found that organogels with yellow beeswax were characterized by the worst structuring of rapeseed oil. Sunflower wax was considered the best among the analyzed gelling agents (under the conditions of the experiment). The organogel with its 5% w/w share was distinguished by the closest to the white color and texture most reminiscent of cream. In addition, it had the highest work of shear value and the longest induction time (6.8 h) in the Rancimat test.

Fragile cookies are one of the most popular high-fat cereal products. Products of this type with added oat flakes may be labeled with a nutrition claim and may be included in functional foods. Fat from oat flakes and which is a recipe ingredient of cookies undergoes degradation during storage which leads to the formation of harmful oxidation products and sensory changes in products. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of green tea extracts (GT), blackcurrant (BC) seeds and nettles (N) on the rate of fat degradation in cookies with oat flakes and their sensory properties. In this work, the antioxidant effect of natural extracts antioxidant on oxidative stability of fat extracted from cookies was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and by peroxide value, anisidine value and specific UV extinctions (K value). Moreover, cookies were subjected to sensory analysis and to instrumental measurements of color changes. The extracts used in the study had an influence on the rate of fat oxidation changes in cookies after baking and also during 3 months of storage. The most effective fat degradation inhibitor was the extract with GT in 1% addition, while the most unfavorable change was observed in fat with the lowest addition of N extract (0.5%). It was observed that the applied plant extracts did not significantly reduce the sensory properties of the products. The most desirable products were the cookies with 1% GT extract and those with the highest proportion of blackcurrant seed extract (1.5%).

Microorganisms can be a promising source of bioactive food ingredients derived from unconventional agricultural farms. The quality of batter and final products in which 20%–80% of the fat has been replaced by β-glucan, obtained from microorganisms, was analyzed. The instrumental texture measurements showed that β-glucan batter and muffins were harder than the control sample. Fat substitution over 40%, while enriching muffins with yeast β-glucan (over 2%), led to a decrease in the quality of products after baking and during 14-day storage. The incorporation of 3% or more β-glucan into the composition increased the hardness of the batter and deteriorated the quality of the muffin crumb, after baking and during storage. The sensory study revealed that fat replacement up to 40% with β-glucan provided acceptable biscuits, but higher replacement decreased the overall acceptability.

Celem pracy był przegląd danych literaturowych dotyczących tłuszczów strukturyzowanych różnymi żelifikatorami oraz przedstawienie możliwości wykorzystania oleożeli w produktach spożywczych. Technologia otrzymywania żeli lipidowych określana jest mianem oleożelacji. Jest to technika fizyczna niepozostawiającą odpadów. Organożele powstają w wyniku przemian zachodzących pod wpływem wysokiej temperatury. Żelifikatory są substancjami, które umożliwiają wytworzenie oleożeli z tłuszczów ciekłych. Dzięki swoim właściwościom żelującym strukturyzują one oleje roślinne lub rybne, które bardzo często mają korzystny żywieniowo profil kwasów tłuszczowych. W ten sposób uzyskują one delikatną strukturę ciała stałego. Modyfikowane celulozy (np. etyloceluloza) czy lipidy (np. monoacyloglicerole, wosk carnauba i candelilla) są dozwolonymi substancjami dodatkowymi, które mogą być wykorzystane do wytwarzania jadalnych oleożeli. Według danych zawartych w literaturze naukowej perspektywy wykorzystania olejów strukturyzowanych w przemyśle spożywczym są obiecujące. W zależności od rodzaju frakcji lipidowej i substancji strukturyzujących, oleożele mogą znaleźć zastosowanie jako składniki tłuszczowe w różnych produktach spożywczych. Mogą być one np. alternatywą dla typowych tłuszczów stosowanych w produkcji wyrobów ciastkarskich czy cukierniczych i dzięki temu mogą stanowić prozdrowotną alternatywę dla tłuszczów bogatych w niepożądane żywieniowo nasycone kwasy tłuszczowe (KT) czy izomery trans KT. Ponadto obecność oleożeli w żywności, np. w czekoladach nadziewanych, mogłaby zapobiec procesowi migracji składników olejowych i zapewnić jej wysoką jakość i niezmienność w trakcie przechowywania.

Background: Shortenings are high in undesirable nutritionally saturated fatty acids. The aim of the study was to produce gluten-free muffins (GFM) of increased health quality and available to people intolerant to gluten, in which the shortenings were replaced with solid oleogels, consisting of 95% rapeseed oil. Methods: The dough and baked products were subjected to physical, textural, and structural analyses. Moreover, the fatty acids composition, chemical quality of fats extracted from muffins, and color of the products were determined. The dough was also observed at 600× magnification in bright field and polarized light microscopy, and microtomographic analysis of the structure of GTM was performed. Results: There was no effect of the type of lipids on physical properties, including water content in gluten-free muffins. However, the baked products differed in total porosity and brightness, as well as intensity of red and yellow colors. The use of rapeseed oil oleogels, instead of shortening in the muffin recipe, resulted in a decrease in the dietary undesirable SFA in lipid fractions (by approximately 40%), an increase in the content of MUFA (by approximately 30%), and an increase in the content of PUFA (by approximately 15%), with acceptable chemical quality. Conclusions: Research confirms the possibility of obtaining products with increased nutritional value available to consumers on a gluten-free diet.