35 methods, but most of these methods are implemented for nerve 36 agents mimics, and so there is no clear proof that they will work 37 for real CWA. 10 To complement the existing methodologies, 38 we have developed a series of new highly solvatochromic 39 fluorescent indicators for phosphorylating reagents capable of 40 developing large differences in fluorescence. In this paper, we 41 report our findings upon the selective fluorescent discrim-42 ination of real nerve agents from their mimics. 43 We have previously prepared some charge-transfer fluoro-44 genic probes, bearing conjugated donor and acceptor groups in 45 their structure, that were useful for the detection of significant 46 analytes. 11 For our current purpose we have designed new s1 47 fluorescent probes (Scheme 1). 48In this case, they have a secondary donor group that was not 49 involved in the charge-transfer process. Thus, the Suzuki

Spin vortices in magnetic nanopillars are used as GHz oscillators, with frequency however essentially fixed in fabrication. We demonstrate a model system of a two-vortex nanopillar, in which the resonance frequency can be changed by an order of magnitude, without using high dc magnetic fields. The effect is due to switching between the two stable states of the vortex pair, which we show can be done with low-amplitude fields of sub-ns duration. We detail the relevant vortex-core dynamics and explain how field anharmonicity and phase control can be used to enhance the performance.

We demonstrate a 20-fold enhancement in the strength of the RKKY interlayer exchange in dilute-ferromagnet/normal-metal multilayers by incorporating ultrathin Fe layers at the interfaces. Additionally, the resulting increase in the interface magnetic polarization profoundly affects the finite-size effects, sharpening the Curie transition of the multilayer, while allowing to separately tune its Curie temperature via intralayer magnetic dilution. These results should be useful for designing functional materials for applications in magneto-caloric micro-refrigeration and thermally-assisted spin-electronics.

The demagnetization and associated magnetocaloric effect in strong-weak-strong ferromagnetic trilayers, upon a reorientation of the strong ferromagnets from parallel to antiparallel magnetization, is simulated using atomistic spin dynamics. The simulations yield non-trivial spin distributions in the antiparallel state, which in turn allows entropy to be calculated directly. Empirical functional forms are obtained for the magnetization distribution in the spacer, differing significantly from some of the commonly used models. Finally, we find that the magnetocaloric effect in the system can be significantly improved by allowing the local exchange to vary through the spacer, which in practice can be implemented by spatially tailoring the spacer's magnetic dilution.

Effects of magnetic asymmetry on strongly coupled spin-vortex pairs with parallel core polarization and antiparallel chirality in synthetic nanomagnets are investigated. This includes vortex-core length asymetry, biasing field asymmetry, and pinning of one of the two vortex cores. Our experimental observations as well as analytical and micromagnetic modeling show how magnetic asymmetry can be used to differentiate magneto-resistively otherwise degenerate multiple stable states of a vortex pair. These results expand the knowledge base for spin vortex arrays in nanostructures and should be useful in light of the recent proposals on coding information into multiple topological spin states, such as single and multiple vortex core/chirality states.