Venous thrombosis and bacterial infections are common complications of parenteral nutrition.To test the hypothesis that infection facilitates activation of coagulation during parenteral nutrition, healthy subjects were intravenously injected with endotoxin (2 ng/kg) after they had received either 1 week of standard parenteral nutrition (n Å 7) or normal enteral feeding (n Å 8). Compared with enteral feeding, parenteral nutrition was associated with a selectively enhanced activation of the coagulation system (plasma levels of thrombin-antithrombin III complexes) during endotoxemia. Activation of the fibrinolytic system (plasminogen activator activity, tissue-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1) proceeded similarly in both study groups. In patients receiving parenteral nutrition, one common complication (bacterial infection) may facilitate the occurrence of another common complication (venous thrombosis) by synergistic stimulation of the coagulation system. Thrombosis of large central veins is a frequent, sometimesBacterial infections are known to cause activation of the coagulation system [7], and parenteral nutrition solutions per se may life-threatening complication in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. Clinical manifestation of venous thrombosis may ocbe thrombogenic by inducing procoagulant activity on endothelial cells and monocytes [8,9]. This led us to hypothesize cur in 10% -20% of patients receiving parenteral nutrition, whereas 40% -70% of patients had subclinical thrombosis durthat a concurrent infection might predispose to coagulation activation during parenteral nutrition. To test this hypothesis ing parenteral nutrition as demonstrated by contrast phlebography [1 -3]. In a recent report, major thrombotic events, includwe intravenously injected a low dose of endotoxin, the toxic part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, into ing pulmonary emboli, right atrial thrombi, and vena cava superior thrombosis, were found in 35% of children receiving healthy hospitalized humans who had received either normal enteral feeding or parenteral nutrition 1 week before endotoxin long-term parenteral nutrition [4]. Several local factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of thrombosis associated was administered. with parenteral nutrition, including the composition of the catheter, turbulence caused by the catheter in the blood stream, and Materials and Methods platelet aggregation with subsequent fibrin deposition on the surface of the catheter [5].

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the intent to present a hydrocarbontype or a gas chromatographic method, but to describe the combined use of the two methods to eliminate costly distillation time.The majority of gasoline samples analyzed by this laboratory for hydrocarbon types are sufficiently nonvolatile to be charged into the mass spectrometer at ambient temperature, by a constant-volume pipet and a mercury orifice. However, if samples are so volatile that vapor loss occurs when this charging technique is used, alternate charging procedures may be used, provided the liquid volume of the sample charge may be measured or calculated.

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