Highlights Neutralizing antibodies could be isolated from convalescent patients or libraries. Different epitopes such as RBD and NTD were identified by structural studies. Heavy chain germline genes IGHV3-30, IGHV3-53 and IGHV3-66 are enriched most.

Recent studies show that formaldehyde participates in DNA demethylation/methylation cycle. Emerging evidence identifies that neuronal activity induces global DNA demethylation and re-methylation; and DNA methylation is a critical step for memory formation. These data suggest that endogenous formaldehyde may intrinsically link learning-responsive DNA methylation status and memory formation. Here, we report that during spatial memory formation process, spatial training induces an initial global DNA demethylation and subsequent re-methylation associated with hippocampal formaldehyde elevation then decline to baseline level in Sprague Dawley rats. Scavenging this elevated formaldehyde by formaldehyde-degrading enzyme (FDH), or enhancing DNA demethylation by a DNA demethylating agent, both led to spatial memory deficits by blocking DNA re-methylation in rats. Furthermore, we found that the normal adult rats intrahippocampally injected with excess formaldehyde can imitate the aged-related spatial memory deficits and global DNA methylation decline. These findings indicate that aging-associated excess formaldheyde contributes to cognitive decline during aging.

Background: This study aimed to determine the difference between computer-assisted virtual surgical technology and 3-dimensional (3D) printing technology in preoperative planning for proximal humeral fractures. Methods: Between February 2009 and October 2015, 131 patients with 3 and 4-part proximal humeral fractures were divided into 3 groups on the basis of the preoperative planning method: conventional (n = 53), virtual surgical (n = 46), and 3D printing (n = 32). Fracture characteristics and intraoperative realization of preoperative planning (reduction shape and implant choices) were evaluated. Postoperative functional outcomes were assessed using the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, Constant-Murley, and Short Form-36 (SF-36) scoring systems and shoulder range of motion; postoperative radiographic outcomes were assessed with respect to the loss of the neck-shaft angle (NSA) and loss of humeral head height (HHH). Results: Excellent sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for fracture characteristics were seen in all 3 groups. The correlations for NSA (p = 0.033) and HHH (p = 0.035) were higher in the virtual surgical group than in the 3D printing group. The lengths of the medial support screws in the actual choices were shorter than those in the preoperative plan for the 3D printing group, but a similar pattern was not seen in the virtual surgical group. Compared with the conventional method, the virtual surgical and 3D printing methods of preoperative planning resulted in shorter operative time, less blood loss, and fewer fluoroscopic images. The functional outcomes in both the 3D printing and virtual surgical groups were better than those in the conventional group. The virtual surgical method was faster than the 3D printing method, as suggested by a shorter time to surgery (2.5 compared with 4.6 days; p < 0.001), a shorter time for preoperative planning (30.4 compared with 262.4 minutes; p < 0.001), and a decreased duration of hospital stay (10.9 compared with 14.6 days; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The clinical outcomes in both the virtual surgical and 3D printing groups were better than those in the conventional group. However, computer-assisted virtual surgical technology is more convenient and efficient, considering the shorter time for preoperative planning. In addition, it has improved correlation with preoperative planning. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.