Today, circumcision is the most commonly performed surgical procedure worldwide. Early and late complications may occur due to circumcision. To find the prevalence of late complications of circumcision, we studied 3,205 elementary-school boys aged 6-12 years in 2002. All of them were Iranian and Muslim. Nearly 3,125 of the boys have been circumcised. Most of the boys (2,214 boys) had been circumcised after 2 years of age. Moreover, most of them were operated by traditional circumcisers (43.49%). Late complications (7.39%) were reported in 231 boys. Excessive residual foreskin was seen in 113 children (3.6%). Excessive removal of skin was detected in 42 boys (1.3%), meatal stenosis in 29 boys (0.9%), granoloma in 22 boys (0.7%), penile rotation in 17 boys (0.5%), and 8 boys had secondary chordee (0.2%). The complication rate was not different between the neonatal circumcision and older groups. We suggested that circumcision should only be performed in medical institutions by suitably trained specialists.

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We investigated temporal variations of ambient air pollutants and the influences of meteorological parameters on their concentrations using a robust method; convergent cross mapping; in Tehran (2012-2017). Tehran citizens were consistently exposed to annual PM 2.5 , PM 10 and no 2 approximately 3.0-4.5, 3.5-4.5 and 1.5-2.5 times higher than the World Health Organization air quality guideline levels during the period. Except for O 3 , all air pollutants demonstrated the lowest and highest concentrations in summertime and wintertime, respectively. The highest O 3 concentrations were found on weekend (weekend effect), whereas other ambient air pollutants had statistically significant (P < 0.05) daily variations in which higher concentrations were observed on weekdays compared to weekend (holiday effect). Hourly O 3 concentration reached its peak at 3.00 p.m., though other air pollutants displayed two peaks; morning and late night. Approximately 45% to 65% of AQI values were in the subcategory of unhealthy for sensitive groups and PM 2.5 was the responsible air pollutant in Tehran. Amongst meteorological factors, temperature was the key influencing factor for PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentrations, while nebulosity and solar radiation exerted major influences on ambient SO 2 and o 3 concentrations. Additionally, there is a moderate coupling between wind speed and NO 2 and CO concentrations.

Surgical intervention is indicated for body packers with persistent nonresponsive toxicity, gastrointestinal obstruction or perforation, and symptomatic cocaine packers.

a b s t r a c tWHO has recommended a document for an assessment of water supply systems being titled as water safety plan (WSP). This research was conducted to assess and identify the vulnerable points in Ardabil water supply system based on WSP in 2014. Initial investigations were performed using WSP quality assurance (QA) tool. At first, WSP checklists were prepared and filled up by experts and data analysis using WSP QA tool. Then, system hazards were listed and prioritized according to WHO matrix by team member's scientific view and then risk analyses were prepared. Results showed that "System Description" and "Management Procedure" phases scored the highest and the lowest grades, respectively. Discharge of wastewater by communities in catchment area, trihalomethanes generation in finished water, old infrastructures, old pipes, and consequently pressure drop in point of use were identified as the most important hazardous events. With regard to the low level of overall implementation in WSP steps and lack of enough attention to water supply system in some phases, current control approach has no sufficient efficiency to provide safe drinking water. Collaboration and support of health authorities can lead to better performance and improvement of water safety in water supply system.