Zinc (Zn) deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake is a global nutritional problem, particularly in developing countries. Therefore, zinc biofortification of wheat and other cereal crops is being urgently addressed and highly prioritized as a research topic. A field study was planned to evaluate the influence of zinc application on grain yield, grain zinc content, and grain phytic acid concentrations of wheat cultivars, and the relationships between these parameters. Three wheat cultivars, C1 = Faisalabad-2008, C2 = Punjab-2011, and C3 = Millet-2011 were tested with five different methods of zinc application: T1 = control, T2 = seed priming, T3 = soil application, T4 = foliar application, and T5 = soil + foliar application. It was found that grain yield and grain zinc were positively correlated, whereas, grain phytic acid and grain zinc were significantly negatively correlated. Results also revealed that T5, T3, and T4 considerably increased grain yield; however, T2 only slightly enhanced grain yield. Grain zinc concentration increased from 33.1 and 33.7 mg kg−1 in T1 to 62.3 and 63.1 mg kg−1 in T5 in 2013–2014 and 2014–2015, respectively. In particular, T5 markedly decreased grain phytic acid content; however, maximum concentration was recorded in T1. Moreover, all the tested cultivars exhibited considerable variation in grain yield, grain zinc, and grain phytic acid content. In conclusion, T5 was found to be most suitable for both optimum grain yield and grain biofortification of wheat.

Knowledge has become power now a days and organization in the ever changing world now a day consider knowledge and intellect of tier employees as a competitive edge which enables such organizations to compete effectively in the marketplace. The literature in the domain of intellectual capital management has received considerable evidence as to whether the intellectual capital contributes towards the firm performance and value or not. This study

W heat is an essential source of food and provides an appreciable amount of protein, carbohydrates, zinc, fiber, calories, energy and fat globally (Chattha et al., 2017a;Hassan et al., 2019aHassan et al., , 2021a Mohsin et al., 2021). Nonetheless, production of wheat across the continents is substantially decreasing owing to drought stress linked with climate change (Sadok et al., 2019;Sabella et al., 2020). Moreover, frequency of drought stress is contentiously soaring up owing to unpredictable rainfall and rapid change in climate Abstract | Drought is serious constrain to global food production and shortage of water at any stage of plant life can be damaging for growth, physiological processes and yield. Thus, present study was executed to determine the impact of drought on growth and yield of different wheat cultivars. The study was comprised of early drought treatment such as I 0 (control), I 1 (fist irrigation 30 days after sowing), I 2 (first irrigation 45 days after sowing) and I 3 (first irrigation 60 days after sowing) and wheat cultivars Faisalabad-2008 (standard height and low tillering), Td-1 (low height and low tillering) and Galaxy-2013 (standard height and high tillering). The results indicated that maximum leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), tillers (356.2 m 2 ), spikelet/spike (18.61), grains/spike (49.53), 1000-grain weight (44.4 g), biological yield (12.95 t ha -1 ) and grain yield (4.61 t ha -1 ) was recorded in control whereas lowest value for these parameters were recorded when first irrigation was applied 60 days after sowing. Among cultivars Galaxy-2013 performed well maximum LAI, CGR, plant height (83.42 cm), tillers (358 m 2 ), spikelet/spike (18.61), grains/spike (44.97), 1000 seed weight (43.4 g) and grain yield (4.42 t ha -1 ), whereas Td-1 performed poorly with minimum LAI, CGR, plant height (71.10 cm), tillers (331 m 2 ), spikelet/spike (17.64), grains/spike (35.48), 1000 grain weight (35.50 g) and grain yield (3.14 t ha -1 ). In conclusion cultivar Galaxy-2013 with standard height and high tillering can be grown in drought stress areas to get maximum wheat productivity.

A field study was conducted to assess effective method to get Moringa leaf extract, through its response on growth and yield traits of wheat. Extracts of whole or chopped and dry or fresh Moringa leaves were used exogenously i.e. pre-sowing seed soaking as well as water diluted solution based foliar spray application at tillering and booting stages. Significantly higher growth response in term of leaf area index, leaf area duration, and crop growth rate was observed when combination of 30 times diluted moringa leaf extract (MLE) was applied at both crop stages. Yield contributing traits of wheat such as fertile tillers, spikelet's spikelet's per spike, grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, biological and grain yields were recorded in significantly higher due to 30 times diluted fresh MLE followed by 20 times dilution of Moringa dried leaf powder (DLP). While, control treatment and hydro-priming showed at comparable results in the form of significantly lesser fertile tillers, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain or biological yields. Conclusively, 30 times diluted MLE proved the best among the treatments combinations for improved wheat growth and yield however, the biochemical features responsible for such promotive response are yet to be investigated prior to dissemination of this technology to the farmer field.