In 2003, Congress passed the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA). Although subsequent research to PREA has shed light on the prevalence and incidence of sexual violence in American prisons, few studies examine inmates' perceptions of rape and safety from rape in prison. Even less is known about how inmates' perceptions of rape influence mental health treatment-seeking behavior during incarceration. Using a sample of incarcerated men, this study adds to the limited body of research by examining the perceived fear of rape and mental health treatment-seeking behavior in two vulnerable prison populations-gay and bisexual inmates and inmates with a history of childhood sexual abuse. Compared with straight inmates, gay and bisexual inmates were approximately two times more likely to perceive that rape was a threat and three times more likely to voluntarily request mental health treatment in prison. Inmates with a history of childhood sexual abuse were over twice as likely to perceive the threat of rape and nearly four times more likely to request mental health treatment than inmates who did not report a history of childhood sexual abuse. Policy, practice implications, and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Purpose The conviction of innocent individuals has emerged as an international concern, resulting in substantial attention to the legal needs that stem from exoneration. However, many other challenges can also arise in the aftermath of an exoneration, including financial, psychosocial and mental health needs. Relatively little has been written about the particular reentry needs of individuals who are exonerated of their charges, and even fewer studies have considered the effectiveness of various treatment approaches. The purpose of this paper is to reviews the available literature, identifies gaps and provides clinical recommendations for the development of treatment interventions for exonerees. Design/methodology/approach The research addressing the needs and challenges that arise in the aftermath of exoneration is reviewed and analysed for implications that can guide treatment-planning in this area. Findings This paper reviews key finds from the literature and provides recommendations for developing a semi-structured approach to treating exonerees. Practical implications Practical applications for the development of effective therapeutic interventions for exonerated individuals are identified and discussed. Originality/value Currently, there is very limited literature addressing the specific reentry needs and effective therapeutic interventions for exonerated individuals.

Existing models of forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) do not explicitly address the role of race or ethnicity in data collection, interpretation, report writing, and testimony. This omission can be a barrier to gathering information relevant to the forensic question and reaching culturally informed opinions. By adapting established principles of FMHA, we propose a culturally responsive model of FMHA emphasizing race and ethnicity ("Race-informed FMHA"). This model systematically assesses the impact of race, ethnicity and intersectional identities. We also describe how to determine how racial and ethnic considerations may be relevant to FMHA generally and in specific cases. Race-informed FMHA expands the scope of 12 of 38 foundational principles of FMHA to include racial identity, ethnicity, oppression, and privilege. We explain how evaluators can apply these principles to interpret and present information about race and ethnicity as objectively as possible. This paper identifies existing tools to obtain information regarding race and ethnicity in FMHA and describes a framework to conceptualize identity and its relevance. We discuss the importance of increasing evaluators' comfort and fluency in discussing their own race and ethnicityand those of others -in FMHA as well as implications for research and modified practice.

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