BACKGROUNDGastroesophageal reflux disease, alkali or acid ingestion, achalasia due to unknown aetiology are considered as main causative factors in the genesis of benign oesophageal strictures. The two types of treatment modalities are used including conservative dilatation and surgical approach according to aetiology and site of involvement. Our study attempts to understand the various aetiopathogenesis and epidemiological features of this problem and their clinical presentation; so that early detection maybe planned and various treatment modalities for achalasia cardia, peptic stricture, corrosive stricture and their results are evaluated. The aim of the study is to study various-1. Aetiological factors of stricture oesophagus (benign). 2. Features and clinical presentation of stricture oesophagus, so that early detection maybe planned. 3. Treatment methods of management of benign oesophageal strictures. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis is a descriptive study of dysphagia due to benign oesophageal strictures. Cases presenting in the surgical outdoor with symptoms suggestive of oesophageal stricture and admitted in different surgical and gastroenterology units were included in the study. A detailed history and examination was done in these patients. Management was done by endoscopic or manual dilatation with bougies and/or surgical operation. Surgical management consisted of Heller's cardiomyotomy or oesophagoplasty. RESULTSTotal number of 40 patients of dysphagia due to benign oesophageal strictures were studied out of which 16 (40%) patients were of corrosive strictures, 14 (35%) having achalasia cardia and 10 (25%) of peptic strictures. The male-to-female ratio was 1.35:1. The mean age was 42.62 years. Strictures due to corrosive were more common in younger age groups while 20170912mthe peptic stricture occurred later in life. The incidence of various symptoms were dysphagia 100%, regurgitation 45%, epigastric or substernal pain 35%, weight loss 25% and cough in 12% cases. Patients with GERD or achalasia cardia had more dysphagia to liquid/semi-solids, while patients with corrosive ingestion (alkali/acid) had more dysphagia to solids. The most common site affected was lower third of oesophagus in 55% of cases, followed by middle third (40%) and upper third (5%). In present study, out of 40 patients, 25 patients were treated conservatively in form of dilatation and operative intervention was done in 15 patients. All of the patients of stricture due to GERD were treated by conservative management. Most of the patients with corrosive ingestion/unknown aetiology were treated by conservative management. All of the patients with achalasia cardia were treated by operative management. One patient out of 25 managed with conservative treatment developed complication in the form of oesophageal perforation. Out of 15 patients that were managed by operative treatment, 5 developed pulmonary complications and 5 developed wound infections. Out of 4 patients who had undergone oesophagoplasty, 2 suffered with minor anastomo...

BACKGROUND Prostate, a genital organ, secretes fluid, seminal plasma, the possible function of which is to provide nutrition to the sperms and serve as their vehicle during ejaculation. Prostate is of great clinical importance because of its affinity for inflammatory, congestive, hyperplastic and neoplastic diseases. Majority of instances of prostatic pathology are manifested by derangement of urination owing to the intimate anatomical relationship between urinary bladder and prostate. We studied serum TSH Levels in patients of BPH and CA prostate and its relation with skeletal metastasis.This descriptive study was aimed to study any correlation between Serum TSH level and bone metastasis in patients with Prostate carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis descriptive study was conducted at Rabindranath Tagore Medical College and Maharana Bhupal Government Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan in the Department of Surgery. A non-statistical sample size of 50 patients suffering from benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate cancer was taken as per convenience. The patients were divided into 2 groups, 25 patients of BPH based on serum PSA estimation (control) and 25 patients of prostate cancer based on serum PSA estimation (test). Preoperative estimation of serum TSH and serum PSA was done in all the patients. All the patients were operated (TURP or palliative TURP). The results of serum TSH, serum PSA, and Gleason score were then analysed and a relation between increasing levels of serum TSH, serum PSA, and Gleason grade was sought based on exploratory data analysis (EDA). RESULTSSerum PSA level in most of the BPH patients was found to be within normal limit and serum TSH level in all of the BPH patients was found to be within normal limits. Only in 8% cases of Prostate carcinoma patients had very high PSA level (>100 ng/mL) as well as increased serum TSH level and it was associated with Gleason score 8 (high-grade tumour) and skeletal metastases. Further statistical/epidemiological studies are required for confirmation of these findings. CONCLUSIONOnly in 8% cases of Prostate carcinoma patients had a very high PSA level (>100 ng/mL) as well as increased serum TSH level, and it was associated with Gleason score 8 (high-grade tumour) and skeletal metastases. Further statistical/epidemiological studies are required for confirmation of these findings.