Cancer poses a major health problem, not only due to cancer-related deaths but also because of treatment toxicities. This review discusses early diagnosis and strategies to overcome treatment difficulties, to facilitate recovery, and prevent deaths. Generally, noninvasive techniques such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission computed tomography (PET), and their hybrid systems, including SPECT/CT, PET/CT, and PET/MRI, are used in diagnosis of cancer. Cancer treatment in clinics still comprises conventional methods such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. However, these techniques and methods are often inadequate. Therefore, new approaches, including the formulation of actively and/or passively targeted nanosized drug delivery systems and combined treatment protocols, are being investigated. In this article, conventional cancer imaging and treatment are reviewed. In addition, the formulation of nanosized systems and their use in cancer treatment are discussed and combined diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostic) approach are proposed as additional cancer therapies.

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The rates of cancer incidence and mortality are increasing day by day. Although several conventional methods including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy (RT) exist for cancer treatment, they are insufficient in the eradication of all tumor tissues and have some side-effects such as narrow therapeutic index and serious sideeffects to healthy tissues. Moreover, it may probably recur in time due to the survival and spreading of cancerous cells or any possible metastases. Targeted radionuclide therapy is a promising alternative. a particles are ideal for localized cell killing because of their high linear energy transfer and short ranges. However, upon emission of a particles, the daughter nuclides induce a recoil energy to lead decoupling from any chemical bond that may accumulate in normal tissues. Targeted a therapy can also be performed by targeted delivery systems apart from mAb, mAb fragments, peptides, and small molecules for selective tumor therapy. Targeted drug delivery systems have been developed to overcome the limitations of a therapy. Moreover, drug delivery systems are one of the most searched applications in cancer imaging and/or treatment due to their targeting ability to tumor or biocompatibility properties. The aim of this article is to summarize tumor therapy applications, targeted a RT approach, and to review the role of drug delivery systems in the delivery of a particles for cancer therapy and some instances of targeted a-emitting drug delivery systems from the literature.

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