Different classes of coating materials with their functional groups and mechanism of interaction with PSs.

Rechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are of great interest in the field of energy storage due to their favorable operational characteristics, for example, high theoretical energy density and low cost. However, LSBs are limited by long‐term degradation, caused by the dissolution of intermediate lithium polysulfide phases. Further improvement of LSBs requires an in‐depth understanding of the underlying redox reactions and active‐material degradation mechanisms. Advanced characterization techniques, especially in situ/in operando characterization tools, are used and developed in the field of LSBs to probe the rate‐limiting performance and design characteristics of functional materials. Here, common in situ/in operando techniques are reviewed with regard to recent research significance and practical limitations, with the aim of providing a comprehensive treatise on in situ characterization technique selection for LSBs, thereby allowing their future development and improvement.

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Poly(ether ether ketone) /graphene/carbon fiber (PEEK/GE/CF) laminates with different weight percentage of GE were manufactured successfully through ball milling and hot-press processing. The effect of the GE on the morphology, thermal conductivity, friction performance, thermal and mechanical properties of composites was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the GE was uniformly distributed in matrix-rich regions.Thermal conductivity measurements demonstrated that addition of 0.7 wt% GE sharply improved the thermal conductivity of the laminates. Tribological tests revealed that the friction coefficient and wear rate rapidly decreased with the addition of GE. In the studied range, the friction reduction and wear resistance performance of PEEK/CF composites filled with 0.7 wt% GE is the most effective. Meanwhile, the obtained PEEK/GE/CF laminates also possessed excellent mechanical and thermal properties. Thus, graphene-reinforced PEEK/CF composites possessed better overall properties than conventional PEEK/CF composites.