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This paper is focused on the investigation of fatigue failure mechanism for TC17 with surface roughness, which is the quantitative expression of surface micro-scratch. First, the designed fatigue tests for TC17 with different surface conditions are carried out to investigate the mechanism of fatigue failure behavior for TC17 with surface roughness. A modified formula is developed to evaluate the fatigue limit of TC17. Then, with the comprehensive application of S–N curve models and test results, the new finding of model parameters is adopted, leading to a fatigue life model of TC17 with surface roughness. Study of fatigue evaluation model of TC17 with surface roughness is significant in theoretical and engineering fatigue study. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT