Background and aims Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a novel concept proposed in 2020, the utility of which has not been tested and validated in real world. We aimed to compare the characteristics of MAFLD and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods The data was retrieved from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys of the United States, which is an unbiased survey dataset and frequently used for the study of fatty liver disease. Results A total of 13 083 cases with completed ultrasonography and laboratory data were identified from the NHANES III database. MAFLD was diagnosed in 4087/13 083 (31.24%) participants, while NAFLD in 4347/13 083 (33.23%) amongst the overall population and 4347/12 045 (36.09%) in patients without alcohol intake and other liver diseases. Compared with NAFLD, MAFLD patients were significantly older, had higher BMI level, higher proportions of metabolic comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension) and higher HOMA‐IR, lipid and liver enzymes. MAFLD patients with alcohol consumption were younger than those without, and more likely to be male. They had less metabolic disorder but higher liver enzymes. There were more cases with advance fibrosis in MAFLD patients with alcohol consumption. Conclusion MAFLD definition is more practical for identifying patients with fatty liver disease with high risk of disease progression.

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Superhydrophobic surfaces are biomimetic structures with potential applications in several key technological areas. In the past decade, several top-down and bottom-up fabrication methods have been developed to create such surfaces. These typically combine a hierarchical structure and low surface energy coatings to increase the contact angle and decrease the rolling angles. Silicon-based superhydrophobic surfaces are particularly attractive since they can be integrated with active electronics in order to protect them from the detrimental effects of environmental water and moisture. In this work, we introduce a simple and inexpensive process incorporating electrochemical surface modification (to create a fractal shape micro-nano topography) in combination with a final wet etching step to fabricate a superhydrophobic silicon surface with a contact angle of 160 degrees and a sliding angle of less than 1 degree.

This paper presents the material characterization of boron-and phosphorus-doped LPCVD polysilicon films for the application of thermoelectric power generators. Electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity of polysilicon films doped with doses from 4 × 10 15 to 10 × 10 15 at cm −2 have been measured at room temperature. Specific contact resistance between polysilicon and aluminum is studied and nickel silicidation is formed to reduce the contact resistance. The overall thermoelectric properties, as characterized by the figure of merit, are reported for polysilicon doped with different doping concentrations. For the most heavily doping dose of 10 × 10 15 at cm −2 , figure of merit for p-and n-type polysilicon is found as 0.012 and 0.014, respectively. Based on the characterization results, a CMOS compatible thermoelectric power generator composed of boron-and phosphorus-doped polysilicon thermopiles is fabricated. When 5 K temperature difference is maintained across two sides of a device of size of 1 cm 2 , the output power is 1.3 μW under a matched electrical resistance load.