The water shortage in the Huaihe River Basin (HRB), China, has been aggravated by population growth and climate change. To identify the characteristics of streamflow change and assess the impact of climate variability and human activities on hydrological processes, approximately 50 years of natural and observed streamflow data from 20 hydrological stations were examined. The Mann–Kendall test was employed to detect trends. The results showed the following. (i) Both the natural and the observed streamflow in the HRB present downward trends, and the decreasing rate of observed streamflow is generally faster than that of the natural streamflow. (ii) For the whole period, negative trends dominate in the four seasons in the basin. The highest decreasing trends for two kinds of streamflow both occurred in spring, and the lowest ones were in autumn and winter. (iii) Based on the above analysis and quantifying assessment for streamflow decrease, human activity was the main driving factor in the Xuanwu (80.78%), Zhuangqiao (79.92%), Yongcheng (74.80%), and Mengcheng (64.73%) stations which all belong to the Huaihe River System (HRS). On the other hand, climate variability was the major driving factor in the Daguanzhuang (68.89%) and Linyi (63.38%) stations which all belong to the Yishusi River System (YSR).

The Huaihe River Basin (HRB) is a transitional river located in the transitional climate zone in China, and it has been frequently hit by big floods and suffered from flood disasters. Flood control and management of the areas are of vital importance of the Huaihe River Basin in its social and economic development. In this chapter, pioneer works of summarizing the flood management have been done for the Huaihe River in China. It first introduces flood and flood disasters of the River basin. In addition, this chapter summarizes achievements in flood control and management. Furthermore, it discusses experiences and enlightenment in flood control and management and draws conclusions for the research.

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The Huaihe river basin, located in the transitional area of the humid zone to the semi arid zone, is a subtropical monsoon zone. By analysis of historical observation data, the annual average surface temperature increased by 0.5℃ over the past 50 years. However, the precipitation showed a fluctuation trend. Based on the hydrological and meteorological data of Huaihe River Basin, this paper studies impacts of climate change on water resources in Huaihe basin by using the Xinanjiang monthly hydrological model in conjunction with prediction products of NCAR climate model. The results show that the precipitation in the basin had a fluctuating upward trend under RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios, and the increase or decrease trend of precipitation in RCP2.6 scenario is not significant. The model predicted that the temperature of the river basin in the 3 scenarios shows significant rising trend from year 2001 to 2100. However, the annual runoff of the Huaihe River Basin shows an increasing trend but not significant from year 2001 to 2100.