Background. Airway epithelium plays an important role during the development of allergic rhinitis (AR), which is characterized by production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin 33 (IL-33), and interleukin 25 (IL-25). IL-35, mainly expressed by Treg cells, have negative regulation in Th2, Th17, and ILC2 inflammation. However, the effect of IL-35 on human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) especially the secretion of nasal epithelial-derived proinflammatory cytokines as well as the possible mechanism is still unclear. Methods. HNECs were cultured and stimulated by various stimulators. The expression of IL-33, IL-25, TSLP, eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, and eotaxin-3 from supernatant was measured using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AR mice were developed to verify the effect of IL-35 on nasal epithelial cells in vivo. Results. After Poly I:C stimulation, IL-35 inhibited the production of IL-25, and TSLP from HNECs increased significantly compared with baseline levels ( P < 0.05 ). After Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or Aspergillus fumigatus stimulation, IL-35 inhibited the production of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP from HNECs increased significantly compared with baseline levels ( P < 0.05 ). After Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, IL-35 inhibited the production of eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, and eotaxin-3 released from HNECs increased significantly compared with baseline levels ( P < 0.05 ). Similarly, IL-35-treated AR mice presented with decreased expression of IL-33, IL-25, TSLP, eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, and eotaxin-3 in nasal lavage fluid. Conclusion. IL-35 suppressed both type 2 inflammation-inducing cytokines and eosinophil chemotactic factor from HNECs, suggesting the important role of IL-35 during the development of AR.

Denervation produced up-regulation of MyHC-1 and MyHC-Neonatal messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression. Reinnervation caused a decrease of MyHC-2X mRNA expression. The electrical voltage threshold of vocal fold movement and maximum abduction of denervation were greater than that of the reinnervated or control group. The denervated vocal abduction maximum of response to electrical stimulation was less than that in reinnervation or control groups.

Background: Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and auto-auditory brainstem response (AABR), as two safe and equally accurate techniques, are used for hearing screening among newborns. However, the screening time of such tests is under debate. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the correlation between examination day and the referral rate of secondary hearing screening among non-high-risk newborns. Methods: A retrospective review of secondary hearing screen data collected from June 2012 to June 2019 was conducted on infants who had no confirmed risk factors introduced by the Joint Committee of Infant Hearing 2007 (JCIH). Results: Of the 2493 newborns included in this study, 2129 cases (85.4%) passed the test bilaterally, and 364 newborns (14.6%) failed the examination. The referral rate of the 1366 newborns taking OAE was 13.1%. Among 1127 newborns taking both OAE and AABR, the referral rate was 16.5%. Moreover, the referral rate of the OAE and OAE+AABR techniques was the lowest in the 42-56-day group. Conclusions: All newborns with no high-risk factors should be screened for hearing as such we recommend 42 - 56 days after birth as the best re-examination period to reduce the false positive rate and caregivers' anxiety.