Many researches were conducted about the burden created by influenza from an economic point of view, but they haven't yet to be specifically systematically reviewed. Our aim was to review the literature on economic burden studies of influenza focusing on direct cost (treatment cost) and indirect cost (related to school or workplace absenteeism). We conducted a systematic literature search mainly on three databases (PubMed, Science Direct and Cochrane database) on the economic burden of influenza till the end of November 2015. the publications have been carefully selected to shed light on direct and indirect costs of influenza, influenza-like-illness and pandemic influenza. There were 48 studies in 15 countries across five continents that can satisfy such criteria and those were used for in-depth statistic in our systematic review. The number of articles, which is conducted in America or using US dollar, were 19 and 37 out of 48, respectively. It can be noticed that most of the studies (27 researches , an equivalent to 56.3 percentages) discussed both direct and indirect cost whereas direct cost and indirect cost studies were 15 (29.2%) and 2 (4.2 %). There were differences between results (in direct and indirect cost) of studies due to dissimilarity in researched country, targeted population or reported year. This review will help us to have an overview on influenza economic burden. Otherwise, it also provides necessary statistic about current status in cost of influenza studies over the world. From that, investigator who want to research on this field, can follow the previous studies for building their own working.

In recent years, the number of stroke patients has increased, which has led to an increased need for motor rehabilitation exercises. The application of automation devices in the rehabilitation of patients is becoming increasingly developed. These devices help reduce the patient training time and workload. Each type of equipment uses different actuators such as electric motors, pneumatic cylinders, and hydraulic cylinders. Different from previous studies, in this paper, a research model of lower extremity rehabilitation devices using a simple actuator which is a linear actuator is presented. The main contribution of this study is that a dynamic model of the linear actuator associated with the action dynamics of the lower extremities of the studied model with three degrees of freedom was established. A mathematical model for this actuator is also presented, simulating the response of the mechanism using the MATLAB/Simulink software. A lower extremity rehabilitation device using a linear actuator was manufactured and tested. The test results for 10 volunteers show that the actuator works and causes miniature angle errors. This experiment demonstrates that the linear actuator can be used in stroke patient rehabilitation equipment and contributes to the diversification of the mechanism in automation equipment.