This paper introduces a new hybrid waveform for optical wireless communication (OWC)/optical camera communication (OCC) systems and discusses the technical considerations of these systems. In a challenged vehicular communication environment, which requires high-speed, high-mobility, and long-distance communication support, implementing a hybrid waveform guarantees high-speed data transmission while reducing the cost of the OWC/OCC systems. The application of a hybrid waveform in the OWC/OCC systems is known as the region-of-interest (RoI)-signaling technique. This technique allows the OWC/OCC systems to simultaneously transmit low-rate and high-rate data streams. The lowrate data stream is used to detect and track the RoI of light sources for setting up the communication link, whereas the high-rate data stream is used for high-speed data transmission. Selection of proper modulation schemes for two simultaneous data streams is also discussed in this paper. A new modulation scheme, such as spatial-2-phase-shift-keying (S2-PSK), is proposed for the low-rate data stream. This scheme has been used to modify the IEEE 802.15.7-2018 standard, which is the revised version of the IEEE 802.15.7-2011 standard. For the high-rate data stream, single-carrier modulation or multiple-carrier modulation, such as the proposed hybrid-spatial-phase-shift-keying (HS-PSK) or variable pulse-position modulation (VPPM), can serve as viable solutions. Technical considerations for the modulation schemes of each type of data stream are analyzed to determine the feasibility of the proposed schemes. Finally, the experimental results and numerical parameters of the intended system are presented. INDEX TERMS Optical wireless communication (OWC), optical camera communication (OCC), vehicular communications, IEEE 802.15.7-2018, spatial-2-phase-shift-keying (S2-PSK), hybrid-spatial-phaseshift-keying (HS-PSK), dimming-spatial-8-phase-shift-keying (DS8-PSK), Internet of vehicles (IoV), V2X communications. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Bora Onat. conventional radio frequency (RF)-based communication networks would not be able to fully satisfy the network traffic growth requirements in the future [2]. Therefore, new wireless communication technologies are required to fill this gap. However, the usage of these new technologies should not exclude RF communication, and they should be fully compatible with each other in all circumstances. The advantages of visible light communication (VLC) and optical wireless communication (OWC)/optical camera communication (OCC) over existing RF communication have been discussed recently [2]-[5]. These advantages can be summarized as follows: • The available bandwidth range of visible light (approximately 430-770 THz) is more than about

The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform is a well-known implementation for light fidelity but quite a novel implementation for optical camera communication (OCC). This paper proposes the two-dimensional OFDM (2D-OFDM) OCC system, namely screen OCC, which implements a single screen luminaire, composed of multiple cells so that a data rate of up to 50 kb/s can be achieved with the 2D-OFDM waveform. This paper includes a mature system design based on theoretical analysis and implementation validation. The various technical details described include system architectures, theoretical analyses of the link budget, and detailed implemental guidance for the proposed Screen OFDM system. The reliability of the proposed system was verified through numerical performance measurements, as recorded that the overall BER of 10 −5 is achievable within the communication distance of 4.5 m and the viewing angle of 30 •. The overall performance of the screen OFDM is also compared with a single-carrier modulation approach, asynchronous-quick-link code within the ongoing IEEE 802.15.7m standard, to demonstrate the reliable performance of the proposing system.

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Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a digital multicarrier modulation scheme that is employed in broadband wired and wireless communication as an effective solution with inter-symbol interference caused by a multipath channel. In light fidelity, the OFDM waveform is well-known and frequently implemented; however, the use of such technology with optical camera communication (OCC) is novel. This paper presents the one-dimensional OFDM OCC system. The modulation scheme based on OFDM uses a rolling-shutter effect to transmit data at a high rate. Based on theoretical and experimental validation, we propose a simple system design with various technical details such as system architectures and theoretical analyses of the link budget.

Radio-frequency technologies are widely applied in many fields such as mobile systems, healthcare systems, television and radio broadcasting, and satellite communications. However, one major problem in wireless communication based on radio frequencies is its impact on human health. High frequencies adversely impact human health more than low frequencies if the signal power transgresses the permissible threshold. Therefore, researchers are investigating the use of visible light waves (instead of the radio-frequency band) for data transmission in three major areas: visible light communication, light fidelity, and optical camera communication. In this paper, we propose a scheme that upgrades the camera on–off keying (COOK) scheme by using it with the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) scheme; COOK has been recommended by the IEEE 802.15.7-2018 standard. By applying technologies, such as matched filter, region of interest, and MIMO, our proposed scheme promises to improve the performance of the conventional scheme by improving the data rate, communication distance, and bit error rate. By controlling the exposure time, the focal length in a single camera and using channel coding, our proposed scheme can achieve the communication distance of up to 20 m, with a low error rate.