Objective: In this article we review the literature on the malignant sublingual gland tumors from a surgical perspective.Background: Sublingual gland tumors occur with a very low incidence and most are malignant tumors.The extent of treatment, clinical outcomes and prognosis of malignant sublingual gland tumors have not been well defined, due to the rarity of this disease.Methods: A database search using Web of Science (https://webofknowledge.com/) and PubMed (https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) was conducted. The following keywords were used in the search: "sublingual gland tumor", AND "malignancy".Conclusions: Although the sublingual glands are among the major salivary glands, they share common anatomical characteristics with minor salivary gland tumors. Therefore, the tumors from the sublingual gland may have different clinical behaviors from the other major salivary gland tumors. The sublingual glands are small without a true surrounding capsule of the glands; the extra-parenchymal extension is very common in sublingual gland tumors. Furthermore, the sublingual glands are located in close proximity to the lingual nerve, the submandibular gland-duct system and the mandible. Thus, the surgical approach to the malignant sublingual gland tumor should include the adequate management of neighboring structures. In addition, adjuvant radiation therapy provides a survival benefit for patients with malignant sublingual gland tumors, which have adverse features. This article summarizes the clinical characteristics and unique features of malignant sublingual gland tumors based on previous reports, and provides clinical information regarding the sublingual gland tumors to increase awareness of primary physicians as well as patients.

Various chronic inflammatory airway diseases can be treated with low-dose, long-term (LDLT) macrolide therapy. LDLT macrolides can be one of the therapeutic options for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) due to their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory actions. Currently, various immunomodulatory mechanisms of the LDLT macrolide treatment have been reported, as well as their antimicrobial properties. Several mechanisms have already been identified in CRS, including reduced cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, inhibition of neutrophil recruitment, decreased mucus secretion, and increased mucociliary transport. Although some evidence of effectiveness for CRS has been published, the efficacy of this therapy has been inconsistent across clinical studies. LDLT macrolides are generally believed to act on the non-type 2 inflammatory endotype of CRS. However, the effectiveness of LDLT macrolide treatment in CRS is still controversial. Here, we reviewed the immunological mechanisms related to CRS in LDLT macrolide therapy and the treatment effects according to the clinical situation of CRS.

This work is based on a part of the first author's master's thesis from Yongin University. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of school age children's reading comprehension of expository texts based on different text structures and question types. Methods: A total of 54 children participated in this study. We presented assignments that tested children's comprehension of expository texts specifically designed with different text structures. Results: First, students in higher grades showed better performance across all text structures. However, significant differences in performance based on the text structures of scripts were only found between 2nd grade and 6th grade students and between 4th grade and 6th grade students. Students in every grade showed high performance on comprehension of process writings but low performance on comprehension of persuasive writings. Results from other text structures varied between grades, while the differences between grades were significant for comparison/contrast, listing, and persuasive text structures. Second, students in higher grades showed better performance on all question types; however, analogous to the previous result, significant differences in performance based on question types were only found between 2nd grade and 6th grade students and between 4th grade and 6th grade students. Students in every grade showed high performance on identification of details but low performance on identification of main topic. Results from other question types varied between grades, while the differences among grades pertaining to question types were significant for text structure and inference questions. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that children's strategy in identifying text structures and comprehending expository texts develop notably during later grades in elementary school.

Background and Objective Endoscopic airway dilation is the primary treatment for pediatric subglottic stenosis (SGS) due to its feasibility and non-invasiveness. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk factors for the failure of endoscopic airway dilation in pediatric patients with SGS. Materials and Methods This study reviewed medical records of 38 pediatric patients had endoscopic dilation from a single and tertiary referral center, retrospectively. The success of the endoscopic dilation procedure was defined as no dyspneic symptom without tracheostomy or laryngotracheal reconstruction. Demographic profiles, underlying disease, and Myer-Cotton SGS severity grade were recorded. Success rates and risk factors for the failure of treatment were analyzed. Results The SGS patients with severity grade I was most common. After mean 1.8 numbers of procedures, there were 23 patients (60.5%) in the success group and 15 patients (39.5%) in the failure group. Age, sex, underlying diseases, and SGS severity grade were not significantly different between two groups. In patients who had multiple endoscopic procedures, the failure group showed SGS deteriorated after procedures in 66.7%, compared to 11.1% of the success group. In multivariable analysis, a long-term intubation (≥1 month) was identified as an independent risk factor for failure of endoscopic dilation procedure. Conclusion Although endoscopic dilation procedure is safe and effective for the management, repetitive endoscopic dilation may not give clinical benefit in patient with long-term intubation. Other airway procedures must be considered in those group of patients.