Unique microecosystems within the internal tissues of plants support diverse, symbiotic microbial communities that greatly influence plant adaptation and evolution [1, 2]. These microbial associations significantly influence the ability of plants to adapt and evolve in their environment. All plants in natural ecosystems appear to develop symbiotic associations with fungi [3, 4]. These symbioses provide a buffer against biotic and abiotic stresses and are important for the survival of plant hosts and their fungal symbionts in highstress habitats [3, 4]. Both plant and fungi obtain multiple benefits from symbiotic interactions in terms of fitness. Fungal symbionts may impart beneficial (mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism), harmful (competition), or neutral (amensalism and neutralism) activities on the plant host. Concurrently, host plants can also interact beneficially (mutualism), neutrally (commensalism and neutralism), or harmfully (parasitism, competition, and amensalism) during symbiosis with the fungi [5-7]. Microbes living within plants are referred to as 'endophytes' and are host-specific fungi or bacteria, such as Actinomycetes spp. [8, 9]. Endophytes constitute a major portion of the fungal symbionts associated with the roots, stems, and leaves of plants, and generally do not impart adverse effects to the host [10, 11]. They comprise a diverse group and represent a wide taxonomical range of fungi belonging primarily to the phylum Ascomycota [12, 13]. Some fungal endophytes can synthesize plant growth hormones such as auxin, abscisic acid, and gibberellins (GAs) [14, 15]. Endophytic fungi increase the host's resistance to biotic stresses caused by insects, pests, and fungal pathogens and improve the host plant's fitness against harsh environmental factors [16]. A large percentage of the world's biodiversity is concentrated within the coastal regions, although much of it is yet to be discovered. The coastal zone is the interface between the land and sea and is characterized by interconnections among neighboring ecosystems. Coastal salt marsh wetlands, located in this transition zone between land and salt or brackish water, are among the most important and biologically productive natural ecosystems on Fungal endophytes are symbiotic microorganisms that are often found in asymptomatic plants. This study describes the genetic diversity of the fungal endophytes isolated from the roots of plants sampled from the west coast of Korea. Five halophytic plant species, Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda australis, Suaeda maritima, Suaeda glauca Bunge, and Phragmites australis, were collected from a salt marsh in Gochang and used to isolate and identify culturable, root-associated endophytic fungi. The fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 was used as the DNA barcode for the classification of these specimens. In total, 156 isolates of the fungal strains were identified and categorized into 23 genera and two phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), with Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes as the pred...
IntroductionTricholoma matsutake, found in the Korean peninsula, Japan and China, have been regarded as precious food for a long time. Nowadays, it is famous symbol viand in Korea and Japan. T. matsutake is high-value food because not only its taste and smell but also its notoriously difficulty of artificial cultivation. The fruiting body of T. matsutake is formed by the complex interaction of several ecological factors in specific forest of Pinus densiflora [11,21]. Unfortunately, the occurrence of T. matsutake fruiting body in nature is steadily decreasing and the demand for the artificial cultivation of T. matsutake is rising. In 1983, Hiroshima Forestry Examination Center had succeeded in the artificial cultivation but failed to preserving this cultivating artifact. Since 1983, lots of studies have been reported and recently the National Forest Research Institute, Korea and Taki Chemical Industry, Japan had succeeded the artificial cultivation of T. matsutake in 2010 and 2018, respectively [17,20]. But most of studies had failed to maintain the cultivation and little is known about its artificial cultivation [23,31]. Moreover, transplantation of P. densiflora trees infected with T. matsutake attempted by Japan and Korea had failed to yield the mushroom with a meaningful number [12,16]. The genomic study of T. matsutake was carried out by Dr Min's research group in January 2020 [28]. Thus, in this study, not artificial cultivation but rather production of the T. matsutake flavor is the focus of this study. We expect the outcome of our work to help producing the (R)-(-)-1-octen-3-ol at a low
Reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite have been reported to play a critical role in the process of inflammation in various tissues. In skin, reactive oxygen species can be produced by chemical ionization, UV radiation and enzymatically by polymorphonuclear leukocytes that infiltrate the sites of infection 1 . Excessive reactive oxygen species cause extensive damage to DNA, proteins and lipids and have been reported to be pro-inflammatory mediators 2 .Inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 are known to be key enzymes in inflammation and oxidative stress 3 . The inducible nitric oxide synthase produces a highly reactive nitrogen radical 4 (nitric oxide) and cyclooxygenase-2 produces prostaglandins that contribute to the pain of inflammation 5 . These two enzymes, which are related to pathological conditions of inflammation, are highly induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) 6 . Thus, the inhibitory activities of these proteins and their mRNAs have proved useful in a variety cell culture studies and animal inflammatory models 7 .Zea mays Linn (ZMS) has been used as oriental traditional medicine for the treatment of dysuria, uricosuria, edema, cystitis, gout, kidney stones and nephritis 8,9 . Several flavonoids
Wetlands exhibit intermediate characteristics of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and the biodiversity is rich in these unique biological habitats. The symbiotic relationships between plants and fungi that inhabit these wetlands play an important role in natural resource management, biodiversity, and conservation. Accordingly, the mujechi, having academic value for the study of the natural environment, was investigated in terms of genetic diversity of endophytic fungi, which inhabit the roots of wild plants. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified to identify fungal strains. In total, 226 strains were isolated and categorized into three phyla, seven classes, 10 orders, 22 families, and 31 genera. In plants by endophytic fungi were classified in Isachne globosa (Ig) to 19 genera, Scirpus karuisawensis (Sk) to 11 genera, Utricularia racemosa (Ur) to 19 genera, and one incertae sedis, Eriocaulon decemflorum (Ed) to 11 genera. The fungal taxa was identified the genera Acephala (19.9%), Tolypocladium (16.3%), Neopestalotiopsis (11.5%), and Perenniporia (7.1%). The fungal group isolated from Isachne globosa (Ig) grew the largest number of isolated fungal strains. After comprehensive evaluation, the endophytic fungal group from Utricularia racemosa (Ur) ranked highest in diversity analyses. From the roots of wild plant in mujechi-neup, it confirmed the distribution and diversity of endophytic fungi. This study provides the basic data to understand fungal community structure in peat wetlands.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.