bOne of the most common diseases in high-performance German Holstein dairy cows is left-sided displacement of the abomasum (LDA). Hypomotility of the abomasum is detrimental during the pathogenesis of LDA. It is known that improper interactions between the gut microbiota and the enteric nervous system contribute to dysfunctions of gastrointestinal motility. Therefore, we hypothesized that the gut microbial composition will be different between German Holstein dairy cows with and without LDA. We used 16S rRNA gene analysis to evaluate whether there are any differences in bacterial composition between German Holstein dairy cows with and without LDA. Even though our data are limited to being used to correlate compositional changes with corresponding functional aspects in the pathogenesis of LDA, results from this study show that the fecal microbial compositions of German Holstein dairy cows with LDA shifted and were less diverse than those in normal cows. In particular, Spirochaetes were absent in cows with LDA. One of the most common diseases in high-performance dairy cows is left-sided (LDA) or right-sided (RDA) displacement of the abomasum, collectively known as displacement of the abomasum (DA), in which the abomasum bloats and moves from its normal position on the right ventral part of the abdomen to the left or right abdominal wall (1, 2). DA requires veterinary intervention, and the typical clinical findings of this condition include anorexia and decreased milk production, as DA often occurs near parturition or during the early lactation period (2, 3). Therefore, DA imposes a huge economic burden on dairy producers.Gas accumulation in the abomasum plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of DA by increasing the buoyancy of the abomasum, resulting in DA. Hypomotility of the abomasum and increased abomasal gas production have been identified as the main mechanisms of action for gas accumulation in the abomasum (1, 3, 4). In a normal situation, the gas in the abomasum is expelled in the oral direction. However, abomasal gas accumulation can occur with hypomotility of the abomasum. Decreased motility of the abomasum is attributed to a large quantity of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the abomasum, metabolic alkalosis, and low blood calcium levels (1, 4-6). However, abomasal motility is mainly controlled by the vagus nerve, and dysfunction in the vagus nerve can decrease the motility of the abomasum (3, 7-9). It has been shown that the interactions between the enteric nervous system and the gut microbiota in mice contribute to proper gastrointestinal motility (10). The mouse gut microbiota can stimulate vagal sensory neurons, which is a major neural pathway that conveys information from the gastrointestinal luminal contents to the brain, thus modulating gastrointestinal motility (11,12). In addition, it has been shown that systemic endotoxemia related to the gut microbiota can induce changes in neuronal function, including vagal afferent neurons (13). Therefore, we hypothesized that the gut microbial composition w...

Salmonella is one of the most important food-borne zoonotic pathogens, causing acute or chronic digestive diseases such as enteritis. The acute form of enteritis is common in young pigs of 2 -4 months of age. The main symptoms include high fever (41 -42℃), loss of appetite, and increased mortality within 2 -4 days of onset of the disease. It is often the cause of increasing mortality, decreasing growth rate and reducing feed efficiency of piglets. In the case of chronic enteritis in pigs, the main symptom is weight loss due to the continuing severe diarrhea. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis are typical pig adapted serotypes, which cause one of four major syndromes: enteric fever, enterocolitis/diarrhea, bacteremia and chronic asymptomatic carriage. These syndromes cause a huge economic burden to swine industry by reducing production. Therefore, it is necessary that swine industries should strive to decrease Salmonellosis in pigs in order to reduce economic losses. There are several measures, such as vaccination to prevent salmonellosis, that are implemented differently from country to country. For the treatment of Salmonella, ongoing antibiotic treatment is needed. However constant doses of antibiotics can be a problem because of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the focus should be made more on prevention than treatment. In this review, we addressed the basic information about Salmonella, route of infection, clinical symptoms, and prevention of Salmonellosis.

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